Two-Dimensional Metallic NiSe2 Nanoclusters–Based Low-Cost, Flexible, Amperometric Sensor for Detection of Neurological Drug Carbamazepine in Human Sweat Samples

Abstract

Here we report a low-cost, flexible amperometric sensing platform for highly selective and sensitive detection of carbamazepine (CBZ) in human sweat samples. Detailed morphological characterization of the two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide NiSe 2 , synthesized using one-step hydrothermal method, confirms the formation of dense NiSe 2 nanoclusters in the range of 500-650 nm, whereas X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal a stable and pure cubic crystalline phase of NiSe 2. The sensor device is fabricated by uniformly depositing an optimized weight percentage of as-synthesized NiSe 2 onto flexible and biocompatible polyimide substrate using spin coating, and metal contacts are established using thermal evaporation technique. The sensor exhibits a remarkable sensitivity of 65.65 µA/nM over a wide linear range of 50 nM to 10 µM CBZ concentrations and a low limit of detection of 18.2 nM. The sensing mechanism and excellent response of NiSe 2 toward CBZ can be attributed to the highly conductive metallic NiSe 2 , large electroactive surface area of its nanoclusters, and highly interactive Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ oxidation states. Furthermore, the presence of 10-fold excess of capable interferents, such as lactic acid, glucose, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, does not affect the accurate determination of CBZ, thus demonstrating excellent selectivity. The real-time detection of CBZ is evaluated in human sweat samples using standard addition method, which yields reliable results. Furthermore, the sensor shows excellent robustness when subject to bending cycles and fast response time of 2 s. The strategy outlined here is useful in developing sensing platforms at low potential without the use of enzymes or redox binders for applications in healthcare.

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“…To achieve non-invasive and continuous blood glucose monitoring, there are various methods based on sweat [20][21][22][23], tears [24][25][26][27][28], urine [29,30], saliva [31][32][33][34][35], and tissue fluids [36][37][38], as shown in figure 1. Among the above body fluids, sweat is a complex physiological mixture, rich in solutes and metabolites, and contains different types of ions as Na + , K + , compounds such as lactic acid and glucose [39][40][41].…”

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“…Accordingly, Tonel et al carried out a theoretical study in which they intriguingly discovered physisorption interaction between a nano-based pristine graphene nanosheet and the anticancer drug doxorubicin with the binding energy of 0.49 eV, and they consequently demonstrated a decrease in the interaction with increasing temperature using DFT theory in a SIESTA code with a GGA-PBE functional . More so, a gallium-doped fullerene (C 24 ) nanocage has been proposed as a potent sensing nanostructure for Melphalan anticancer drug by carrying out DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G­(d) level of theory by Mirkamali et al Finally, Veeralingam et al experimentally projected and showed a two-dimensional metallic NiSe 2 nanocluster-based low-cost amperometric material as a sensor for detecting neurological drug carbamazepine in human sweat . Thus, with numerous advances in nanoscience, researchers have set themselves to discover the unique properties of semiconductor nanostructures, in which GaAs is one used for the purpose of applying them in diverse fields.…”

“… 17 More so, a gallium-doped fullerene (C 24 ) nanocage has been proposed as a potent sensing nanostructure for Melphalan anticancer drug by carrying out DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory by Mirkamali et al 18 Finally, Veeralingam et al experimentally projected and showed a two-dimensional metallic NiSe 2 nanocluster-based low-cost amperometric material as a sensor for detecting neurological drug carbamazepine in human sweat. 19 Thus, with numerous advances in nanoscience, researchers have set themselves to discover the unique properties of semiconductor nanostructures, in which GaAs is one used for the purpose of applying them in diverse fields. Semiconductor nanostructures have distinctly emerged as potential candidates in the field of sensing and transporting drugs in target sites for their worthwhile properties, including chemical and thermal stability and wide-ranging band gap compared to their other nonsemiconductor-based counterparts.…”