Two-Dimensional Materials in Biosensing and Healthcare: FromIn VitroDiagnostics to Optogenetics and Beyond

Abstract

Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, there has been an exponentially growing number of reports on layered two-dimensional (2D) materials for applications ranging from protective coatings to biochemical sensing. Due to the exceptional, and often tunable, electrical, optical, electrochemical, and physical properties of these materials, they can serve as the active sensing element or a supporting substrate for diverse healthcare applications. In this review, we provide a survey of the recent reports on the applications of 2D materials in biosensing and other emerging healthcare areas, ranging from wearable technologies to optogenetics to neural interfacing. Specifically, this review provides (i) a holistic evaluation of relevant material properties across a wide range of 2D systems, (ii) a comparison of 2D material-based biosensors to the state-of-the-art, (iii) relevant material synthesis approaches specifically reported for healthcare applications, and (iv) the technological considerations to facilitate mass production and commercialization.

Beyond graphene oxide: laser engineering functionalized graphene for flexible electronics

“…In Mod-G, the sp 3 carbon hybridization is introduced as a result of the bonding to aryl groups (Ar), which can be considered as a reduction process (the transformation of Csp 2 to Csp 3 ). In the case of graphene oxide, the appearance of sp 3 carbon is associated with carbon oxidation with the formation of C-OH or C-O-C moieties. However, for both cases, Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to the formation of Csp 3 as evidenced by the large broadening of D and G bands and upshift of the G mode, just like in the case of GO.…”

“…There is a global and ever-growing demand for wearable, foldable, and stretchable electronics in the energy, environmental monitoring and medical sectors to name but a few. [1][2][3] The chosen technology must provide spatially-defined control of the conductivity type and value, electrical contacts, and a dielectric material. Moreover, the materials have to be non-toxic, flexible, and stable at the pH of body sweat for wearable electronics.…”

Materdicine: Interdiscipline of materials and medicine

“…Moreover, materdicine‐mediated diagnostic and therapeutic medicines were considered as the complementary technologies that resulted in unprecedented advances in theranostic medicine. Additionally, other medical techniques that crucially depend on the advances of materdicine have been extensively explored accompanying with a large number of biomaterial categories, including biosensing, 24 tissue engineering, 25 and so forth.…”

Mo-Based Layered Nanostructures for the Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules

“…Layered inorganic nanomaterials, because of their unique electrical and electrocatalytic activity, have also been extensively examined for this purpose [ 13 , 14 ]. The developed devices show great potential, because their sensing characteristics can be modulated by the proper use of layered nanomaterials based on different inorganic elements [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”