Two‐Dimensional Fluorinated Graphene: Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications

Abstract

Fluorinated graphene, an up‐rising member of the graphene family, combines a two‐dimensional layer‐structure, a wide bandgap, and high stability and attracts significant attention because of its unique nanostructure and carbon–fluorine bonds. Here, we give an extensive review of recent progress on synthetic methods and C–F bonding; additionally, we present the optical, electrical and electronic properties of fluorinated graphene and its electrochemical/biological applications. Fluorinated graphene exhibits various types of C–F bonds (covalent, semi‐ionic, and ionic bonds), tunable F/C ratios, and different configurations controlled by synthetic methods including direct fluorination and exfoliation methods. The relationship between the types/amounts of C–F bonds and specific properties, such as opened bandgap, high thermal and chemical stability, dispersibility, semiconducting/insulating nature, magnetic, self‐lubricating and mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, is discussed comprehensively. By optimizing the C–F bonding character and F/C ratios, fluorinated graphene can be utilized for energy conversion and storage devices, bioapplications, electrochemical sensors and amphiphobicity. Based on current progress, we propose potential problems of fluorinated graphene as well as the future challenge on the synthetic methods and C‐F bonding character. This review will provide guidance for controlling C–F bonds, developing fluorine‐related effects and promoting the application of fluorinated graphene.

Fluorinated Nanographite as a Cathode Material for Lithium Primary Batteries

“…An intense peak at about 1215 cm −1 and a shoulder one at about 1340 cm −1 appear for all the FG‐x samples (Figure a), which are the characteristic bands of the C−F and C−F 2 bonds, respectively ,,. No obvious absorption peaks at about 1100 cm −1 , responding to the semi‐ionic C−F bonds, are found in the FTIR spectra due to the low content of semi‐ionic C−F bonds. The exact vibrational wavenumber of C−F bonds is 1213.8, 1215.9, 1216.1, 1217.7 and 1217.8 cm −1 for FG‐300, FG‐350, FG‐400, FG‐425, and FG‐450, respectively.…”

Solvent‐Based Soft‐Patterning of Graphene Lateral Heterostructures for Broadband High‐Speed Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodetectors

“…[10][11][12] A thorough review of FG is also recently published. [12] The binding of F radicals to graphene leads to surface activation and band gap opening, [11][12][13] rendering the resultant FG useful for applications ranging from as a seed layer for dielectric deposition [14,15] to as a growth precursor for synthesis of new 2D materials [16] and a building block for 2D heterostructures.…”

“…[10][11][12] A thorough review of FG is also recently published. [12] The binding of F radicals to graphene leads to surface activation and band gap opening, [11][12][13] rendering the resultant FG useful for applications ranging from as a seed layer for dielectric deposition [14,15] to as a growth precursor for synthesis of new 2D materials [16] and a building block for 2D heterostructures. [17] While FG, like some of the other functionalized graphene forms, holds great promises as a complementary material for next generation graphene-based electronics, it can readily defluorinate under humid conditions or when in contact with acetone [7,18] Such a phenomenon, considering acetone an important solvent for FG transfer and patterning process, can seriously undermine the potential of FG for widespread applications.…”

Fluorographene: Synthesis and sensing applications

“…1(b). 17 In our report describing the development of fluorographene oxide [FGO, a structure comparison between graphene oxide (GO) and FGO is shown in Fig. 2] via oxidative exfoliation of fluorographite polymer, the water wetting properties of different amount of F containing FGO is demonstrated.…”

“…Moreover, graphene can be derived from graphite, an abundant material at the earth's surface, make it as a potential candidate not only for basic studies but for practical applications such as electronic devices and chemical sensors too. [17][18][19] Pristine graphene is a semimetal having zero band gap which limits it applications. 18 Tuning the band gap of graphene with heteroatoms has a clear edge over size/shape tunable band gap modification due to the large control over the dopants level and its reproducibility.…”