Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the right coronary artery in healthy horses – a pilot study

Siwińska, Natalia; Michałek, Marcin; Żak, Agnieszka; Słowikowska, Malwina; Noszczyk-Nowak, Agnieszka; Niedźwiedź, Artur; Pasławska, Urszula

doi:10.1186/s12917-019-1792-1

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The diameter of the RCA for horses in group II was larger than the measurements obtained by Siwinska et al (2019) or the values obtained by other authors when measuring the RCA in isolated equine hearts post-mortem (Thüroff et al 1984, Gómez et al 2017. These differences can be attributed to the methodology used for measurement under different conditions; in vivo echocardiography (Siwinska et al 2019), post-mortem coronary angiography (Thüroff et al 1984) or coronary perfusion with semi-synthetic resin (Gómez et al 2017). Additionally, the type of breed used and the study design play an important role.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…This is the first study that evaluates the RCA on both the short and long axis and its characteristics associated with different levels of training in Eventing horses. Fortunately, the RCA is fairly easy to visualise and evaluate during the routine cardiac ultrasound examination in long axis as previously described (Siwinska et al 2019) and in the short axis at the level of the aortic valve/ sinus of Valsalva as described in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Historically, echocardiography has centred on the assessment of cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function. However, when referred to ultrasonographic coronary arteries characterisation in the horse, information is scarce and to our knowledge only one recent pilot study has been published (Siwinska et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Giving the importance of myocardial irrigation in the normal function of the heart, the evaluation of the coronary arteries in selected cases could be considered during cardiac evaluation, as routinely done in humans (Dodge et al 1992, Arnoudse et al 2007, Kumar Raut et al 2017. Anatomical and morphological studies of the heart in different species have shown the predominance of the right coronary artery (Gómez et al 2017) and its ultrasonographic dimension was recently studied in normal horses (n=36) (Siwinska et al 2019). The ultrasonographic characterisation of the right coronary artery in the horse is performed in the right parasternal window, long axis at the level of the right outflow tract (Siwinska et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anatomical and morphological studies of the heart in different species have shown the predominance of the right coronary artery (Gómez et al 2017) and its ultrasonographic dimension was recently studied in normal horses (n=36) (Siwinska et al 2019). The ultrasonographic characterisation of the right coronary artery in the horse is performed in the right parasternal window, long axis at the level of the right outflow tract (Siwinska et al 2019). Nonetheless, the technique and normal ultrasound image of the right coronary artery in short axis at the level of the sinus of Valsalva has not been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic study of the right coronary artery in performance horses

Dörner¹,

Chavarría

2021

Austral j. vet. sci.

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Ultrasonographic study of the right coronary artery in performance horsesCristóbal A. Dörner abc* , Constanza Chavarría a ABSTRACT. Historically, echocardiography has focused on the assessment of cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function. However, when referred to ultrasonographic coronary arteries characterisation in the horse, information is scarce. The purpose of this study was to describe the right coronary artery in both long and short axis and to analyse its variability between horses with different levels of performance. Sixty healthy horses were included in the study. The animals were eventing horses at different levels of performance and were allocated into two groups according to their athletic level. The internal lumen diameter and the area of the right coronary artery (RCA) were measured in the right parasternal long and short axis views in the 3rd and 4th intercostal space respectively, during systole and diastole. The results were compared between groups using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test. The correlation between the physiological parameters and the RCA was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Statistically significant differences were found when the RCA internal diameter was assessed between groups in both short and long axis. There were no statistically significant differences intra-group when short and long axis measurements were compared between each other. A positive correlation was observed between RCA and age, height, left atrium diameter, aortic valve diameter, sinus of Valsalva diameter, and aorta diameter. In conclusion, the level of training might affect the ultrasound measurement of the RCA in sport horses. Non-invasive echocardiography can be used to consistently assess the size of the right coronary artery in athletic horses in both short and long axis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic study of the right coronary artery in performance horses

Dörner¹,

Chavarría

2021

Austral j. vet. sci.

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Breath characteristics and adventitious lung sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses

Greim,

Naef,

Mainguy‐Seers

et al. 2024

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundStandard thoracic auscultation suffers from limitations, and no systematic analysis of breath sounds in asthmatic horses exists.ObjectivesFirst, characterize breath sounds in horses recorded using a novel digital auscultation device (DAD). Second, use DAD to compare breath variables and occurrence of adventitious sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses.AnimalsTwelve healthy control horses (ctl), 12 horses with mild to moderate asthma (mEA), 10 horses with severe asthma (sEA) (5 in remission [sEA−], and 5 in exacerbation [sEA+]).MethodsProspective multicenter case‐control study. Horses were categorized based on the horse owner‐assessed respiratory signs index. Each horse was digitally auscultated in 11 locations simultaneously for 1 hour. One‐hundred breaths per recording were randomly selected, blindly categorized, and statistically analyzed.ResultsDigital auscultation allowed breath sound characterization and scoring in horses. Wheezes, crackles, rattles, and breath intensity were significantly more frequent, higher (P < .001, P < .01, P = .01, P < .01, respectively) in sEA+ (68.6%, 66.1%, 17.7%, 97.9%, respectively), but not in sEA− (0%, 0.7%, 1.3%, 5.6%) or mEA (0%, 1.0%, 2.4%, 1.7%) horses, compared to ctl (0%, 0.6%, 1.8%, −9.4%, respectively). Regression analysis suggested breath duration and intensity as explanatory variables for groups, wheezes for tracheal mucus score, and breath intensity and wheezes for the 23‐point weighted clinical score (WCS23).Conclusions and Clinical Importance.The DAD permitted characterization and quantification of breath variables, which demonstrated increased adventitious sounds in sEA+. Analysis of a larger sample is needed to determine differences among ctl, mEA, and sEA− horses.

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Cardiac dimensions and hemodynamics in healthy juvenile Landrace swine

Galbas,

Straky,

Meissner

et al. 2024

Cardiovasc Ultrasound

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Background Swine are frequently used as animal model for cardiovascular research, especially in terms of representativity of human anatomy and physiology. Reference values for the most common species used in research are important for planning and execution of animal testing. Transesophageal echocardiography is the gold standard for intraoperative imaging, but can be technically challenging in swine. Its predecessor, epicardial echocardiography (EE), is a simple and fast intraoperative imaging technique, which allows comprehensive and goal-directed assessment. However, there are few echocardiographic studies describing echocardiographic parameters in juvenile swine, none of them using EE. Therefore, in this study, we provide a comprehensive dataset on multiple geometric and functional echocardiographic parameters, as well as basic hemodynamic parameters in swine using EE. Methods The data collection was performed during animal testing in ten female swine (German Landrace, 104.4 ± 13.0 kg) before left ventricular assist device implantation. Hemodynamic data was recorded continuously, before and during EE. The herein described echocardiographic measurements were acquired according to a standardized protocol, encompassing apical, left ventricular short axis and long axis as well as epiaortic windows. In total, 50 echocardiographic parameters and 10 hemodynamic parameters were assessed. Results Epicardial echocardiography was successfully performed in all animals, with a median screening time of 14 min (interquartile range 11–18 min). Referring to left ventricular function, ejection fraction was 51.6 ± 5.9% and 51.2 ± 6.2% using the Teichholz and Simpson methods, respectively. Calculated ventricular mass was 301.1 ± 64.0 g, as the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters were 35.3 ± 2.5 mm and 48.2 ± 3.5 mm, respectively. The mean heart rate was 103 ± 28 bpm, mean arterial pressure was 101 ± 20 mmHg and mean flow at the common carotid artery was 627 ± 203 mL/min. Conclusion Epicardial echocardiography allows comprehensive assessment of most common echocardiographic parameters. Compared to humans, there are important differences in swine with respect to ventricular mass, size and wall thickness, especially in the right heart. Most hemodynamic parameters were comparable between swine and humans. This data supports study planning, animal and device selection, reinforcing the three R principles in animal research. Graphical Abstract

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Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the right coronary artery in healthy horses – a pilot study

Cited by 5 publications

References 33 publications

Ultrasonographic study of the right coronary artery in performance horses

Ultrasonographic study of the right coronary artery in performance horses

Breath characteristics and adventitious lung sounds in healthy and asthmatic horses

Cardiac dimensions and hemodynamics in healthy juvenile Landrace swine

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