“…For example, free recall and serial recall are identical tasks save for a small change in instructions. It has long been established that this small change in instructions produces very different serial position curves (SPC; Raffel, 1936;Jahnke, 1965;Anderson & Crosland, 1933), even when the instructions are not given until after the list has been studied (Deese, 1957). Subtler changes of instruction also influence the size of the primacy and recency effects, such as asking subjects to initiate recall from different parts of the list (e.g., the beginning, the middle, the end) and then allowing free recall after this constrained-initiation (e.g., Craik, 1969;Murdock, 1968;Dalezman, 1976;Katz, 1968).…”