Serial effects in recall of unorganized and sequentially organized verbal material.

Deese, James; Kaufman, Roger

doi:10.1037/h0040536

Cited by 337 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Items recalled less often tend to be recalled later. The strong negative correlation between the serial-position curve and the output-position curve was also reported by Deese and Kaufman (1957).…”

Section: Memory As a Hologramsupporting

confidence: 57%

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The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

134

130

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Section: Memory As a Hologramsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…The measure has been used in earlier work (Deese & Kaufman, 1957;Mewhort, 1974). Here, we used Kendall's tau for the correlation.…”

Section: Franklin and Mewhortmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

134

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Unlike the Finney and Outhwaite sequences, the sequences proposed here do not appear in blocks which also balance the approximate position of conditions across the whole sequence. Balancing of approximate position in the sequence may be particularly desirable in memory experiments, for instance, in which serial position is known to have a dramatic effect on later memory of items (e.g., Deese & Kaufman, 1957). Some of these drawbacks may be overcome, however.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterbalancing for serial order carryover effects in experimental condition orders.

Brooks¹

2012

Psychological Methods

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Reactions of neural, psychological, and social systems are rarely, if ever, independent of previous inputs and states. The potential for serial order carryover effects from one condition to the next in a sequence of experimental trials makes counterbalancing of condition order an essential part of experimental design. Here, a method is proposed for generating counterbalanced sequences for repeated-measures designs including those with multiple observations of each condition on one participant and self-adjacencies of conditions. Condition ordering is reframed as a graph theory problem. Experimental conditions are represented as vertices in a graph and directed edges between them represent temporal relationships between conditions. A counterbalanced trial order results from traversing an Euler circuit through such a graph in which each edge is traversed exactly once. This method can be generalized to counterbalance for higher-order serial order carryover effects as well as to create intentional serial order biases.Modern graph theory provides tools for finding other types of paths through such graph representations, providing a tool for generating experimental condition sequences with useful properties. 3Neural systems, human and otherwise, are characterized by a continuous stream of behavior in which the current state is dependent not only on current inputs but also on previous states and inputs. The history of experimental psychology is replete with examples. The speed with which a participant names a picture can depend on the preceding picture (e.g, Bartram, 1974;Biederman & Cooper, 1991a;Goldstein, 1958), a behavioral effect known as priming. Prolonged viewing of a visual stimulus can cause adaptation to its color, orientation, or other features and lead to subsequent aftereffects (e.g., Blakemore & Campbell, 1969;Blakemore & Nachmias, 1971;Bradley, Switkes, & De Valois, 1988). The hemodynamic response (during functional magnetic resonance imaging, FMRI) to a stimulus is attenuated when it has been preceded by a similar stimulus (Grill-Spector & Malach, 2001;Haushofer, Baker, Livingstone, & Kanwisher, 2008;Henson & Rugg, 2003;Vuilleumier, Henson, Driver, & Dolan, 2002). The brain's response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) also depends on previous visual stimulation (e.g., Pasley, Allen, & Freeman, 2009;Silvanto, Muggleton, & Walsh, 2008). Similar situations can arise in questionnaire assessments used in social psychology and clinical contexts. For instance, survey results can vary depending on the order of the questions (e.g., Faulkner & Cogan, 1990;Gama, Correia, & Lunet, 2009) and election results can be affected by which candidates precede which on the ballot (e.g. Miller & Krosnick, 1998). All of these are examples of serial order carryover effects, i.e. the response in one experimental trial in a sequence depends on the preceding trial(s) in that sequence. Because learning and adaptation are central to the functioning of living things, carryover effects are ubiquitous within all domains...

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“…position effects (Murdock, 1962). These effects are substantially modified in the case of grammatical word sequences (Deese & Kaufman, 1957). It is of interest to ask whether the grammatical pattern of free recall shifts in the direction of that for random lists when time pressures begin to affect recall.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The total time hypothesis, recall strategies, and memory for rapidly presented word strings

Pfafflin¹

1974

Memory & Cognition

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In three experiments the free recall of rapidly presented word strings was studied. The word strings were shown either in grammatical order or a scrambled order. It was found that the invariance of recall with various presentation times for grammatical sequences breaks down at presentation times between 175 and 250 msec. The order of recall, however, remains consistent with the type of sequence presented irrespective of presentation time. The amount of time required to utilize syntactic information fully in free recall is of approximately the same order of magnitude as that required to read the words.In a number of studies it has been shown that the recall of individual words depends primarily on the total viewing time, not on how that time is distributed (Cooper & Pantle, 1967). One of the major exceptions to the total time hypothesis is the recall of grammatical word sequences. King (1971) has shown that when grammatical sequences are presented, a word at a time, the exposure time per word does not affect recall, over a range from 5.0 to 1.0 sec. One explanation which has been offered for this difference is that the processing employed to learn grammatical sequences differs from that for random sequences, and that the farmer is completed in less time than the latter. If this is true, as observation time is decreased, at some point the processes by which grammatical sequences are learned must also be affected by time constraints. This point should represent the minimum time necessary to utilize syn tactic information fully in the learning of sequentially presented word lists.The order of recall is also of interest in determining what process is being employed. The free recall of unrelated word strings shows characteristic seria! position effects (Murdock, 1962). These effects are substantially modified in the case of grammatical word sequences (Deese & Kaufman, 1957). It is of interest to ask whether the grammatical pattern of free recall shifts in the direction of that for random lists when time pressures begin to affect recall. Such a shift would suggest that Ss change their strategy to compensate for the loss of syntactic information. In the following experiments, the free recall of grammatical and scrambled word sequences was studied under conditions in which each word in the stimulus list was presented very briefly; the longest presentation time was 0.5 sec per word. A fixed number of learning trials was used for the word sequences under each presentation time. The presentation times were varied to determine the effect on free recall for a range of very brief times. EXPERIMENT I Method DesignSs were shown four sets of eight words each. Each set was presented, one word at a time, for five trials. Two of the word sets were shown in a grammatical sequence, and two were shown scrambled. Two presentation times were used for different word sets, in combination with both scrambled and grammatical orders. A Greco-Latin square design was used to counterbalance time, word sets, and the order in which the word sets w...

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Serial effects in recall of unorganized and sequentially organized verbal material.

Cited by 337 publications

References 6 publications

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Counterbalancing for serial order carryover effects in experimental condition orders.

The total time hypothesis, recall strategies, and memory for rapidly presented word strings

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