Two‐Color Reversible Switching in a Photochromic Ruthenium Sulfoxide Complex

Abstract

Reversible, external triggering of molecules between two ground states is central to the operation of modern molecular machines. [1][2][3] A desirable trigger is light, as it provides an ample amount of energy in a short burst of time. Although light is commonly employed for the formation of many different types of metastable states, [4][5][6][7][8] in practice it is difficult to employ light to regenerate the initial ground state. The enthalpic and entropic factors that favor the photochemical generation of the metastable state from the ground state must necessarily be disfavored for the opposing photochemical reaction. Moreover, the photoproduct often reverts to the ground state thermally. Irradiation of photochromic compounds yields metastable states that exhibit distinct electronic structures compared to their ground states.[9] Whilst a number of organic photochromic compounds feature reversible or two-color photoswitching between metastable and ground states, such reactivity is rare in transition metal complexes.[10]Herein, we report our findings on a ruthenium sulfoxide complex that features two-color photochromism.The complex [Ru(bpy) 2 (pySO)](PF 6 ) 2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, pySO = 2-(isopropylsulfinylmethyl)pyridine) was prepared from reaction of cis-[Ru(bpy) 2 Cl 2 ] with pySO. The structure and formulation of the complex was verified by oneand-two-dimensional 1 H NMR, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The 1 H NMR spectrum is consistent with the presence of two isomers, which are most likely diastereomers, as both the ruthenium and sulfur centers are chiral. Elemental analysis of the isomeric mixture supports this assignment. The lowest-energy transition in the electronic spectrum occurs at 370 nm (e = 7250 cm À1 m À1 ) and is assigned to a Ru dp!bpy p* charge-transfer transition based on its energy and intensity (Figure 1). This transition is similar to that observed for other chelating S-bonded sulfoxides.[11] Furthermore, the structurally characterized complex [Ru(bpy) 2 (py)(dmso)] 2+ (dmso = dimethylsulfoxide), which has no chelation, features a maximum absorbance at 400 nm for the S-bonded isomer.[12]Therefore, the chelate complex exhibits an additional 2000 cm À1 of stabilization relative to the non-chelate form. White light irradiation of [Ru(bpy) 2 (pySO)]2+ in propylene carbonate solution results in a decrease in the absorbance at 370 nm concomitant with an increase at 472 nm (Figure 1, inset). In accord with other ruthenium sulfoxide complexes, [13] the spectral changes indicate an intramolecular S!O isomerization, with an isosbestic point at 408 nm. However, the observed spectral changes are muted in comparison to these other complexes. We questioned whether or not this spectrum represented a photostationary state. Accordingly, irradiation of this solution with 355 nm light resulted in a more pronounced absorbance at 472 nm (quantum efficiency F S!O = 0.11(2)). This value is similar to that of the Obonded isomer of [Ru(bpy) 2 (py)(dmso)] 2+ (476 nm) [12] and [Ru(bpy) 2 (pic)] + (483...

Isomerization in Photochromic Ruthenium Sulfoxide Complexes

“…This complex is reminiscent of a report from Meyer regarding [Ru(bpy) 2 (py)(dmso)] 2+ (py is pyridine), [76] where both S-and O-bonded isomers are observed from reaction of [(bpy) 2 Figure 8]. [38] The infrared spectrum provides structural evidence for isomerization. The ground state S-bonded isomer exhibits ν(S=O) = 1090 cm -1 which yields ν(S=O) = 1060 cm -1 upon irradiation.…”

“…[38,41] While this behavior has been observed in certain organic photochromes notably dithienylethenes, it remains rare in transition metal chemistry. We know of only a few examples of reversible, two color photochromic action in transition metal complexes.…”

Theoretical studies on the redox stimulated intramolecular isomerization in [Ru(pic)(tpy)(dmso)]+

“…Such structural alteration from the S-bonded to the O-bonded metastable states of ruthenium sulfoxide complexes is accompanied with pronounced changes of the absorption spectra. As a result, a dramatic change in color can be observed [1][2][3][4][5].…”

“…External signal triggered intramolecular isomerization between two ground states of reversible molecules is central to the operation of molecular information storage and switch devices [1]. Recently, a new class of electrochromic and photochromic ruthenium sulfoxide complexes has been synthesized and developed significantly [2,3].…”

Transition Metal Compounds Towards Holography

“…The MLCT transition $\mathrm{Ru}\mathrm{normald}\pi \to \mathrm{bpy}{\pi }^{\star }$ is triggered by exposure to light of 380–440 nm [20,40]. In most sulfoxide compounds, a light-induced transfer from SI/SII to GS is not observed, but can be enabled by using pySO as switching ligand [41]. In OSO, DFT calculations predict two metastable isomers, both having the SO rotated by ${180}^{\circ }$.…”