Two Cascade Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Unequally Spaced Grounding Grids with Rods

Limiting GPR in a two-layer soil model via genetic algorithms

“…R a is equal to R ab as seen in Eq. (5). As seen below, R a is proportional to lower layer soil resistivity r 2 and R b is proportional to upper layer soil resistivity r 1 .…”

“…5,5] are searched in ground grid design. The prices of ground rods and conductors that are used in our study are shown in Tables 1 and 2.…”

“…Hence, grounding grid design must be carried out consistently. Some studies about grounding grid design are present in the literature [1][2][3][4][5]. In these studies, the one-layer uniform soil model is taken as a reference.…”

Grounding system cost reduction using multi-objective optimisation method

“…Costa et al [8] used optimisation technique based on the creation of response surfaces using diffuse elements that consist in replacing the cost function by an approximation with fast evaluation, which can decrease considerably the number of analysis by finite elements and the application of genetic algorithms to minimise the number of conductors of grounding grids. Covitti et al [9] proposed a method consisting of two cascade genetic algorithms, optimised simultaneously both the grounding grid cost and the maximum touch voltage of unequally spaced grounding grids provided with rods. The optimisation of the design of substation grounding grid has been conceived by the genetic algorithms [10] and by an accelerated particle swarm optimisation (PSO) [11], respectively.…”

“…Covitti et al . [9] proposed a method consisting of two cascade genetic algorithms, optimised simultaneously both the grounding grid cost and the maximum touch voltage of unequally spaced grounding grids provided with rods. The optimisation of the design of substation grounding grid has been conceived by the genetic algorithms [10] and by an accelerated particle swarm optimisation (PSO) [11], respectively.…”