Two auxin-responsive domains interact positively to induce expression of the early indoleacetic acid-inducible gene PS-IAA4/5.

Ballas, Nurit; Wong, Lu-Min; Ke, Malcolm S.; Theologis, Athanasios

doi:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3483

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Ubiquitination may then result in degradation by the proteosome (Hochstrasser 1996). This is consistent with a model proposed by Theologis and colleagues in which transcription of auxin-regulated genes is normally repressed by the action of short-lived repressor proteins (Ballas et al 1995;Abel and Theologis 1996). Auxin may relieve this repression by stimulating degradation of the repressors in an AXR1-TIR1 dependent manner.…”

Section: Axr1 and Tir1 Function Together To Mediate Auxin Responsesupporting

confidence: 79%

The TIR1 protein of Arabidopsis functions in auxin response and is related to human SKP2 and yeast Grr1p

Ruegger

Dewey²,

Gray³

et al. 1998

Genes Dev.

603

515

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Genetic analysis in Arabidopsis has led to the identification of several genes that are required for auxin response. One of these genes, AXR1, encodes a protein related to yeast Aos1p, a protein that functions to activate the ubiquitin-related protein Smt3p. Here we report the identification of a new gene called TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 (TIR1). The tir1 mutants are deficient in a variety of auxin-regulated growth processes including hypocotyl elongation and lateral root formation. These results indicate that TIR1 is also required for normal response to auxin. Further, mutations in TIR1 display a synergistic interaction with mutations in AXR1, suggesting that the two genes function in overlapping pathways. The TIR1 protein contains a series of leucine-rich repeats and a recently identified motif called an F box. Sequence comparisons indicate that TIR1 is related to the yeast protein Grr1p and the human protein SKP2. Because Grr1p and other F-box proteins have been implicated in ubiquitin-mediated processes, we speculate that auxin response depends on the modification of a key regulatory protein(s) by ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-related protein.[Key Words: F-box protein; Arabidopsis; auxin response; TIR1; human SKP2; yeast Grr1p] Received September 10, 1997; revised version accepted November 14, 1997.Physiological studies have implicated the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA or auxin) in the regulation of diverse developmental processes including stem elongation, apical dominance, photo-and gravitropism, and lateral root initiation (Klee and Estelle 1991). At the cellular level, auxin acts to regulate these processes through changes in cell division and cell expansion (Evans 1984). Although the mechanism or mechanisms of auxin action are largely unknown, the existing evidence suggests that the hormone acts both at the plasma membrane and within the cell (Vesper and Kuss 1990; Venis and Napier 1995). Auxin treatment results in rapid hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane and induction of specific gene expression (Barbier-Brygoo 1995;Abel and Theologis 1996).In Arabidopsis, genetic studies have resulted in the identification of a number of genes that are required for normal auxin response (Hobbie and Estelle 1994, Leyser 1997). For three of the genes, AXR1, AXR4, and AUX1, recessive mutations result in reduced auxin response as well as an array of auxin-related growth defects (Hobbie and Estelle 1994). By genetic criteria, AXR1 and AUX1 appear to act in distinct pathways. AUX1 is a membrane protein with similarity to amino acid permeases from plants and fungi (Bennett et al. 1996). Because IAA is an indolic compound structurally related to tryptophan, AUX1 may function in cellular auxin uptake and not response per se. In contrast, the axr1 and axr4 mutations display a synergistic interaction, suggesting that the wild-type genes function in the same or overlapping pathways (Hobbie and Estelle 1995). Genetic experiments indicate that another gene, called SAR1, can also be placed in this group. The sar1 muta...

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Section: Axr1 and Tir1 Function Together To Mediate Auxin Responsesupporting

confidence: 79%

The TIR1 protein of Arabidopsis functions in auxin response and is related to human SKP2 and yeast Grr1p

Ruegger

Dewey²,

Gray³

et al. 1998

Genes Dev.

603

515

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…2) [31][32][33]. However, the other potential cis-active elements associated with the response to light and auxin as well as the regulation of the circadian clock were also found, without the corresponding trans-factors [34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: The Structure Of Cps Promoter and 5'utr Of Cps Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization of a copalyl diphosphate synthase gene promoter from Salvia miltiorrhiza

et al. 2016

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The promoter, 5' UTR, and 34-nt 5' fragments of protein encoding region of the Salvia miltiorrhiza copalyl diphosphate synthase gene were cloned and characterized. No tandem repeats, miRNA binding sites, or CpNpG islands were observed in the promoter, 5' UTR, or protein encoding fragments. The entire isolated promoter and 5' UTR is 2235 bp long and contains repetitions of many cis-active elements, recognized by homologous transcription factors, found in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species. A pyrimidine-rich fragment with only 6 non-pyrimidine bases was localized in the 33-nt stretch from nt 2185 to 2217 in the 5' UTR. The observed cis-active sequences are potential binding sites for trans-factors that could regulate spatio-temporal CPS gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Obtained results are initially verified by in silico and co-expression studies based on A. thaliana microarray data.The quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the entire 2269-bp copalyl diphosphate synthase gene fragment has the promoter activity.Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to study changes in CPS promoter activity occurring in response to the application of four selected biotic and abiotic regulatory factors; auxin, gibberellin, salicylic acid, and high-salt concentration.

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“…Domain B functions as an enhancer element. The two domains, which act cooperatively to stimulate transcription (Ballas et al, 1995), were fused to the GUS reporter gene and introduced into Arabidopsis (Oono et al, 1988). The SAUR-AC-1 genes (Gee et al, 1991) encode auxin-inducible small RNAs.…”

Section: Iaa Distribution In Different Promoter::guscontaining Seedlimentioning

confidence: 99%

Indole Acetic Acid Distribution Coincides with Vascular Differentiation Pattern during Arabidopsis Leaf Ontogeny

et al. 2002

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We used an anti-indole acetic acid (IAA or auxin) monoclonal antibody-based immunocytochemical procedure to monitor IAA level in Arabidopsis tissues. Using immunocytochemistry and the IAA-driven ␤-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of Aux/IAA promoter::GUS constructs to detect IAA distribution, we investigated the role of polar auxin transport in vascular differentiation during leaf development in Arabidopsis. We found that shoot apical cells contain high levels of IAA and that IAA decreases as leaf primordia expand. However, seedlings grown in the presence of IAA transport inhibitors showed very low IAA signal in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the youngest pair of leaf primordia. Older leaf primordia accumulate IAA in the leaf tip in the presence or absence of IAA transport inhibition. We propose that the IAA in the SAM and the youngest pair of leaf primordia is transported from outside sources, perhaps the cotyledons, which accumulate more IAA in the presence than in the absence of transport inhibition. The temporal and spatial pattern of IAA localization in the shoot apex indicates a change in IAA source during leaf ontogeny that would influence flow direction and, consequently, the direction of vascular differentiation. The IAA production and transport pattern suggested by our results could explain the venation pattern, and the vascular hypertrophy caused by IAA transport inhibition. An outside IAA source for the SAM supports the notion that IAA transport and procambium differentiation dictate phyllotaxy and organogenesis.In 1880, Darwin stated: "Some influence moves from the tip of an oat coleoptile to the region below the tip where it controls elongation." This moving influence-later shown to be indole acetic acid (IAA; Went, 1926;Kogl and Haagen-Smit, 1931)-is the first description of polar auxin transport. Polar auxin transport is ubiquitous among higher plants. Efficient transport of IAA modulates cell shape and differentiation and is necessary for normal organogenesis and vascular patterning (Sachs, 1989(Sachs, , 1991Mattsson et al., 1999;Sieburth, 1999).Vascular tissues are conduits for water and nutrients throughout the plant body. They are generated during embryogenesis and organogenesis, expanding along the growth axis of the organ. Vascular development begins with the differentiation of provascular tissue, the procambium (Esau, 1965), through periclinal cell division, cell elongation, and cell alignment. The procambium of dicotyledonous embryos such as Arabidopsis becomes evident at early heart stage as elongated cells in the center of the embryo distinct from the nearly isodiametric surrounding ground tissue cells (West and Harada, 1993). As the embryo matures, the procambial cells differentiate into phloem and xylene elements (Aloni, 1995). Vascular tissues connect the leaves and other parts of the shoot with the roots, enabling efficient long-distance transport between organs.The vascular network is particularly extensive in leaves, with primary, secondary, tertiary (or 1°, 2°, and 3°, respectiv...

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Two auxin-responsive domains interact positively to induce expression of the early indoleacetic acid-inducible gene PS-IAA4/5.

Abstract: The plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transcriptionally activates expression of several genes in plants. We have previously identified a 164-bp promoter region (-318 to -154)

Cited by 81 publications

References 30 publications

The TIR1 protein of Arabidopsis functions in auxin response and is related to human SKP2 and yeast Grr1p

The TIR1 protein of Arabidopsis functions in auxin response and is related to human SKP2 and yeast Grr1p

Isolation and characterization of a copalyl diphosphate synthase gene promoter from Salvia miltiorrhiza

Indole Acetic Acid Distribution Coincides with Vascular Differentiation Pattern during Arabidopsis Leaf Ontogeny

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