Twenty Years of Rad-Hard K14 SPAD in Space Projects

Abstract

During last two decades, several photon counting detectors have been developed in our laboratory. One of the most promising detector coming from our group silicon K14 Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) is presented with its valuable features and space applications. Based on the control electronics, it can be operated in both gated and non-gated mode. Although it was designed for photon counting detection, it can be employed for multiphoton detection as well. With respect to control electronics employed, the timing jitter can be as low as 20 ps RMS. Detection efficiency is about 40 % in range of 500 nm to 800 nm. The detector including gating and quenching circuitry has outstanding timing stability. Due to its radiation resistivity, the diode withstands 100 krad gamma ray dose without parameters degradation. Single photon detectors based on K14 SPAD were used for planetary altimeter and atmospheric lidar in MARS92/96 and Mars Surveyor ’98 space projects, respectively. Recent space applications of K14 SPAD comprises LIDAR and mainly time transfer between ground stations and artificial satellites. These include Laser Time Transfer, Time Transfer by Laser Link, and European Laser Timing projects.

Time-Frequency Transfer through a 70 dB Free Space Channel: Towards Satellite-Ground Time Dissemination

“…To improve this resolution, time transfer by laser link (T2L2) with short laser pulses carrier has been explored. However, the limitation due to the response speed of photoelectric detections makes it difficult to reach a level of 10 −17 in terms of stability [14,15]. In fact, this performance is comparable to that of the new generation microwave links with multi-carriers for the ACES project [16,17].…”