Twenty-two years of HIV infection in Bhutan: epidemiological profile

Tshering, Pandup; Lhazeen, Karma; Wangdi, Sonam; Tshering, N

doi:10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31100-6

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The risk of acquiring HIV by HCPs through occupational exposure remained high among Bhutanese HCPs reflecting the notable increase in HIV cases in Bhutan recently. Out of 470 cases reported by the end of 2015, 80% of them were reported between 2007 and 2015 [8]. Moreover, the increased risk of HIV infection through occupational exposures was reported from developing countries [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of post exposure prophylaxis for HIV among nurses at Jigme Dorji Wanghuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan

Tshering¹,

Wangchuk²,

Letho³

2020

PLoS ONE

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Nurses are managing huge number of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which made them highly vulnerable to HIV infection through occupational exposure such as needle stick injuries and splashing of blood/bodily fluids on mucosal surface. This made the practice of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV crucial among nurses. Therefore, our study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of PEP for HIV among nurses in Bhutan. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 221 registered nurses working at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan between April and June 2017. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data and analysed using SPSS version 21. Majority (80.1%) of our participants had poor knowledge regarding PEP for HIV. Although half (51.1%) of our participants had heard about PEP, only 3 (1.4%) attended a formal training on PEP for HIV. However, a significant proportion of nurses (92.3%) had positive attitude towards PEP for HIV. Out of 221 respondents, 95(43%) had been exposed to needle stick injuries and splashing of blood/bodily fluids while managing patients. Despite significant number of exposures, only 2 (2.1%) of them took PEP and completed 28 days of prophylaxis. Lack of protective barriers at work place (56.8%) and poor knowledge on personal protective equipment (14.7%) were major perceived causes of exposure among study participants. No PEP service (30.2%) and lack of support to report incidents (22.6%) were two major reasons leading to failure of PEP practice among exposed individuals. Despite positive attitude exhibited by majority of our respondents, the level of knowledge and practice of PEP for HIV among nurses was very low. Therefore, a formal training on PEP and 24 hours accessible PEP service with proper guidelines are recommended to improve the overall knowledge and practice of PEP against HIV among nurses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of post exposure prophylaxis for HIV among nurses at Jigme Dorji Wanghuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan

Tshering¹,

Wangchuk²,

Letho³

2020

PLoS ONE

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“…However, the burden of HIV and the risk of infection among gay men and transgender women have continued to increase in recent years, which is possibly due to lower condom use among these groups 32 . More than 70% of HIV/AIDS cases reported in Bhutan were between the ages of 20 and 39 33 . Therefore, HIV prevention and virus surveillance for this young group should be strengthened, and antiviral treatment should be expanded in addition to prevention interventions for older people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32 More than 70% of HIV/ AIDS cases reported in Bhutan were between the ages of 20 and 39. 33 Therefore, HIV prevention and virus surveillance for this young group should be strengthened, and antiviral treatment should be expanded in addition to prevention interventions for older people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the burden and determinants of HIV in the Asia‐Pacific region (1990−2019): An age‐period‐cohort analysis of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study

Li,

Xie,

Cui

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Although the burden of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Asia‐Pacific region is increasingly severe, comprehensive evidence of the burden of HIV is scarce. We aimed to report the burden of HIV in people aged 15−79 years from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. We analyzed rates of age‐standardized disability‐adjusted life years (ASDR), age‐standardized mortality (ASMR), and age‐standardized incidence (ASIR) in our age‐period‐cohort analysis by sociodemographic index (SDI). According to HIV reports in 2019 from 29 countries in the Asia‐Pacific region, the low SDI group in Papua New Guinea had the highest ASDR, ASMR, and ASIR. From 1990 to 2019, the ASDR, ASIR, and ASMR of persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) increased in 21 (72%) of the 29 countries in the Asia‐Pacific region. During the same period, the disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of AIDS patients in the low SDI group in the region grew the fastest, particularly in Nepal. The incidence of HIV among individuals aged 20−30 years in the low‐middle SDI group was higher than that of those in the other age groups. In 2019, unsafe sex was the main cause of HIV‐related ASDR in the region's 29 countries, followed by drug use. The severity of the burden of HIV/AIDS in the Asia‐Pacific region is increasing, especially among low SDI groups. Specific public health policies should be formulated based on the socioeconomic development level of each country to alleviate the burden of HIV/AIDS.

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“…Bhutan is one of the few countries in South Asia that continues to experience a low adult (15-49 years) HIV prevalence, estimated to be under 0.2% based on the UNAIDS Spectrum estimation, 2020 [1]. Bhutan has experienced a low-level and di use HIV epidemic [2][3][4]. Compared to other counties in the South and Southeast Asia region, Bhutan's HIV epidemic started later, with the rst case diagnosed in 1993, and progressed more slowly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redefining the Mode of HIV Transmission through Analysis of Risk Attribution among the Reported HIV Cases from 1993 to 2021 in Bhutan

Khandu¹,

Choida²,

Drukpa

et al. 2022

AIDS Research and Treatment

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Introduction. The detailed risk assessment of the diagnosed HIV cases in Bhutan is an opportunity to carry out the risk analysis to generate evidence of wherein, under what context, and in which population groups most new infections are occurring. The evidence collected will help to test the current assumption of Bhutan experiencing diffused and generalized HIV epidemic. Methods. This is a cross-sectional study using a quantitative method to assess the risk behavior of the diagnosed HIV cases from 1993 to 2019. The study also included secondary data analysis of those cases already captured by the routine case-based surveillance from 2020 to 2021. The data collection was done from 1 to 30 January 2022 in all the twenty districts of Bhutan. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of the study population, and relationships were established using the Chi-square Test. We have sought ethics approval and obtained participants’ informed consent. Results. The risk attribution analysis showed that 81.94% of HIV infection among the reported HIV cases in Bhutan has occurred through high-risk heterosexuals and 8.88% through mother-to-child transmission, and parenteral transmission accounts for 1.58% and then 1.35% through homosexual. Of the 81.94% high-risk heterosexuals, 41.08% acquired through sex workers and clients of sex workers, 27.99% from HIV-infected persons, 12.64% from sex work, and 0.23% from injecting drug use. Conclusions. This study has shed some light on a gradual epidemic shift from the current perceived diffused and generalized to the concentrated epidemic among subpopulation groups like female sex workers and their clients.

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Twenty-two years of HIV infection in Bhutan: epidemiological profile

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of post exposure prophylaxis for HIV among nurses at Jigme Dorji Wanghuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of post exposure prophylaxis for HIV among nurses at Jigme Dorji Wanghuck National Referral Hospital, Bhutan

Trends in the burden and determinants of HIV in the Asia‐Pacific region (1990−2019): An age‐period‐cohort analysis of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study

Redefining the Mode of HIV Transmission through Analysis of Risk Attribution among the Reported HIV Cases from 1993 to 2021 in Bhutan

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