Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans

Lerchl, Alexander; Klose, Melanie; Grote, Karen; Wilhelm, Adalbert F. X.; Spathmann, Oliver; Fiedler, Thomas M.; Streckert, Joachim; Hansen, V.; Clemens, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151

Cited by 75 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The numbers of lung and liver tumours in exposed animals were statistically significantly higher compared with those in sham-exposed controls, as were the numbers of malignant lymphoma. A tumour-promoting effect of RF radiation was found at low to moderate levels (0.04 and 0.4 W/kg SAR), which were well below the exposure limits for users of mobile phones (19). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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High radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Old Town: An exposimeter study including the Royal Castle, Supreme Court, three major squares and the Swedish Parliament

Hardell

Carlberg

Koppel

et al. 2017

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

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Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation was classified as a possible human carcinogen, Group 2B, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer at WHO in 2011. The exposure pattern is changing due to the rapid development of technology. Outdoor RF radiation level was measured during five tours in Stockholm Old Town in April, 2016 using the EME Spy 200 exposimeter with 20 predefined frequencies. The results were based on 10,437 samples in total. The mean level of the total RF radiation was 4,293 µW/m2 (0.4293 µW/cm2). The highest mean levels were obtained for global system for mobile communications (GSM) + universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) 900 downlink and long-term evolution (LTE) 2600 downlink (1,558 and 1,265 µW/m2, respectively). The town squares displayed highest total mean levels, with the example of Järntorget square with 24,277 µW/m2 (min 257, max 173,302 µW/m2). These results were in large contrast to areas with lowest total exposure, such as the Supreme Court, with a mean level of 404 µW/m2 (min 20.4, max 4,088 µW/m2). In addition, measurements in the streets surrounding the Royal Castle were lower than the total for the Old Town, with a mean of 756 µW/m2 (min 0.3, max 50,967 µW/m2). The BioInitiative 2012 Report defined the scientific benchmark for possible health risks as 30–60 µW/m2. Our results of outdoor RF radiation exposure at Stockholm Old Town are significantly above that level. The mean exposure level at Järntorget square was 405-fold higher than 60 µW/m2. Our results were below the reference level on 10,000,000 µW/m2 established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), which, however, are less credible, as they do not take non-thermal effects into consideration and are not based on sound scientific evaluation. Our highest measured mean level at Järntorget was 0.24% of the ICNIRP level. A number of studies have found adverse, non-thermal (no measurable temperature increase) health effects far below the ICNIRP guidelines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…A follow-up study of the Tillman et al investigation was published in 2015 (19). The exposure levels were 0 (sham), 0.04, 0.4 and 2 W/kg SAR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Old Town: An exposimeter study including the Royal Castle, Supreme Court, three major squares and the Swedish Parliament

Hardell

Carlberg

Koppel

et al. 2017

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

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“…The results by Tillmann et al [45] gained further interest based on the results in a follow-up study published in 2015 [46]. The exposure levels were 0 (sham), 0.04, 0.4, and 2 W/kg SAR.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numbers of tumours of the lungs and livers and malignant lymphoma in exposed animals were statistically significant higher than in sham-exposed controls. A tumour-promoting effect from RF radiation was found at low to moderate levels (0.04 and 0.4 W/kg SAR), well below exposure limits for users of mobile phones [46]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation

Carlberg

Hardell

2017

BioMed Research International

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Objective. Bradford Hill's viewpoints from 1965 on association or causation were used on glioma risk and use of mobile or cordless phones. Methods. All nine viewpoints were evaluated based on epidemiology and laboratory studies. Results. Strength: meta-analysis of case-control studies gave odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31–2.76 with highest cumulative exposure. Consistency: the risk increased with latency, meta-analysis gave in the 10+ years' latency group OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.20–2.19. Specificity: increased risk for glioma was in the temporal lobe. Using meningioma cases as comparison group still increased the risk. Temporality: highest risk was in the 20+ years' latency group, OR = 2.01, 95% CI =1.41–2.88, for wireless phones. Biological gradient: cumulative use of wireless phones increased the risk. Plausibility: animal studies showed an increased incidence of glioma and malignant schwannoma in rats exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation. There is increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from RF radiation. Coherence: there is a change in the natural history of glioma and increasing incidence. Experiment: antioxidants reduced ROS production from RF radiation. Analogy: there is an increased risk in subjects exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Conclusion. RF radiation should be regarded as a human carcinogen causing glioma.

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“…The mice exposed to ENU and RFR showed an increased incidence of bronchiole-alveolar carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma. 41 Later, the same results were replicated by Lerchl et al 42 in a study reproducing the same experimental design. These results demonstrated the reproducibility of the long-term tumour-promoting effects of RFR at non-thermal exposure levels.…”

Section: Experiments On 18 Ghz Gsm Base Station Rfr and Acute Exposmentioning

confidence: 60%

The carcinogenic potential of non‐ionizing radiations: The cases of S‐50 Hz MF and 1.8 GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation

Soffritti

Giuliani²

2019

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Epidemiological studies have suggested that human exposure to extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields from the electric power and to mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic fields induce an increased risk of developing malignant tumours. However, no adequate laboratory data, in particular long‐term carcinogenicity bioassays to support the epidemiological evidence, have yet been available. This motivated the Ramazzini Institute to embark on a first project of four large life‐span carcinogenic bioassays conducted on over 7000 Sprague Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to S‐50 Hz MF alone or combined with gamma radiation or formaldehyde or aflatoxin B1. Results now available from these studies, which started concurrently, have shown that exposure to Sinusoidal‐50 Hz Magnetic Field (S‐50 Hz MF) combined with acute exposure to gamma radiation or to chronic administration of formaldehyde in drinking water induces a significantly increased incidence of malignant tumours in males and females. A second project of two large life‐span carcinogenic bioassays was conducted on over 3000 Sprague Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to 1.8 GHz GSM of mobile phone radio base station, alone or combined with acute exposure to gamma radiation. Early results from the experiment on 1.8 GHz GSM alone show a statistically significant increase in the incidence of heart malignant schwannoma among males exposed at the highest dose.

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Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans

Cited by 75 publications

References 17 publications

High radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Old Town: An exposimeter study including the Royal Castle, Supreme Court, three major squares and the Swedish Parliament

High radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Old Town: An exposimeter study including the Royal Castle, Supreme Court, three major squares and the Swedish Parliament

Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation

The carcinogenic potential of non‐ionizing radiations: The cases of S‐50 Hz MF and 1.8 GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation

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