“…It has been reported that NFκB contributes to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which cause insulin resistance under inflammatory states (Kern, Ranganathan, Li, Wood, & Ranganathan, 2001). Previous reports have demonstrated that TNF-α directly contributes to impairment of insulin signaling in obese and diabetic animal models (Feinstein, Kanety, Papa, Lunenfeld, & Karasik, 1993;Hotamisligil, 1999;Hotamisligil, Shargill, & Spiegelman, 1993). All of these reports suggest that both ER stress and inflammation cause insulin resistance.…”