Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Multifaceted Regulators of Breast Tumor Growth

Munir, Maliha Tabassum; Kay, Matthew; Kang, Min Hee; Rahman, Matlubur; Al‐Harrasi, Ahmed; Choudhury, Mahua; Moustaid‐Moussa, Naima; Hussain, Fazle; Rahman, Shaikh Mizanoor

doi:10.3390/ijms22126526

Cited by 95 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(229 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant and well-studied constitutes of TME [ 47 , 48 ]. Through signals derived from TME, TAMs differentiate into M1-like (anti-tumor) and M2-like (tumor-promoting) phenotypes.…”

Section: Immune Landscape Of Breast Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the HER2-directed treatments, the use of the humanized monoclonal antibodies (e.g., trastuzumab, pertuzumab), alone or in combination with chemotherapy results in measurable health outcomes [4]. Median overall survival was calculated as 40.8 months (95% CI [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] for patients treated with placebo, trastuzumab, and docetaxel, and for those treated with the pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel was assessed to 57.1 months (95% CI [11]. Notwithstanding, many patients are exhibiting limited response to these therapies and a high risk of disease progression or relapse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Strategies for Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance

Retecki

Seweryn

Graczyk-Jarzynka

et al. 2021

Cancers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Breast cancer (BC) has traditionally been considered to be not inherently immunogenic and insufficiently represented by immune cell infiltrates. Therefore, for a long time, it was thought that the immunotherapies targeting this type of cancer and its microenvironment were not justified and would not bring benefits for breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, to date, a considerable number of reports have indicated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as a prognostic and clinically relevant biomarker in breast cancer. A high TILs expression has been demonstrated in primary tumors, of both, HER2-positive BC and triple-negative (TNBC), of patients before treatment, as well as after treatment with adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Another milestone was reached in advanced TNBC immunotherapy with the help of the immune checkpoint inhibitors directed against the PD-L1 molecule. Although those findings, together with the recent developments in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, show immense promise for significant advancements in breast cancer treatments, there are still various obstacles to the optimal activity of immunotherapeutics in BC treatment. Of these, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment constitutes a key barrier that greatly hinders the success of immunotherapies in the most aggressive types of breast cancer, HER2-positive and TNBC. Therefore, the improvement of the current and the demand for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies is strongly warranted.

show abstract

Section: Immune Landscape Of Breast Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Strategies for Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance

Retecki

Seweryn

Graczyk-Jarzynka

et al. 2021

Cancers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Macrophages in the tumor environment display a wide phenotypic spectrum, varying from anti-tumor M1 types to pro-invasion M2 types [61]. Pro-invasion M2-like tumors express factors that lower cadherin density in vascular endothelial cells, such as the angiogenic signals TNF1α, VEGF, and EGF, as well as immune-cell recruiting signals such as the CXCL family, all of which prime the vessel for penetration [60][61][62][63][64]. Tumor cells themselves actively participate in the intravasation process through a variety of means, e.g., via the NOTCH and TGFβ1 pathways, to induce cadherin degradation and endothelial contraction, permitting extravasation [65][66][67].…”

Section: Intravasation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Microfluidic Systems for Breast Cancer Research

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control; breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. Due to early screening and advancements in therapeutic interventions, deaths from breast cancer have declined over time, although breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Most deaths are due to metastasis, as cancer cells from the primary tumor in the breast form secondary tumors in remote sites in distant organs. Over many years, the basic biological mechanisms of breast cancer initiation and progression, as well as the subsequent metastatic cascade, have been studied using cell cultures and animal models. These models, although extremely useful for delineating cellular mechanisms, are poor predictors of physiological responses, primarily due to lack of proper microenvironments. In the last decade, microfluidics has emerged as a technology that could lead to a paradigm shift in breast cancer research. With the introduction of the organ-on-a-chip concept, microfluidic-based systems have been developed to reconstitute the dominant functions of several organs. These systems enable the construction of 3D cellular co-cultures mimicking in vivo tissue-level microenvironments, including that of breast cancer. Several reviews have been presented focusing on breast cancer formation, growth and metastasis, including invasion, intravasation, and extravasation. In this review, realizing that breast cancer can recur decades following post-treatment disease-free survival, we expand the discussion to account for microfluidic applications in the important areas of breast cancer detection, dormancy, and therapeutic development. It appears that, in the future, the role of microfluidics will only increase in the effort to eradicate breast cancer.

show abstract

“…TAMs refer to the leukocyte infiltrating tumor, derived from circulating blood mononuclear cells and differentiating into macrophages after exuding tissues (9)(10)(11)(12). Increasing evidence indicates that macrophages are not homogeneous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Key Players in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to the subtype of breast cancer which is negative for ER, PR, and HER-2 receptors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) refer to the leukocyte infiltrating tumor, derived from circulating blood mononuclear cells and differentiating into macrophages after exuding tissues. TAMs are divided into typical activated M1 subtype and alternately activated M2 subtype, which have different expressions of receptors, cytokines and chemokines. M1 is characterized by expressing a large amount of inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-α, and exert anti-tumor activity by promoting pro-inflammatory and immune responses. M2 usually expresses Arginase 1 and high levels of cytokines, growth factors and proteases to support their carcinogenic function. Recent studies demonstrate that TAMs participate in the process of TNBC from occurrence to metastasis, and might serve as potential biomarkers for prognosis prediction.

show abstract

Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Multifaceted Regulators of Breast Tumor Growth

Cited by 95 publications

References 160 publications

The Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Strategies for Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance

The Immune Landscape of Breast Cancer: Strategies for Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance

Application of Microfluidic Systems for Breast Cancer Research

Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Key Players in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About