“…Studies have shown that the covalent attachment of antibodies to Ls specifically enhanced their binding to rat erythrocytes in vivo and reduced their uptake by the liver and therefore can be used to target antimalarials to erythrocytes [146,310,311]. MAb F10-bearing Ls containing CQ were produced and its efficacy was evaluated in mice infected with CQ-susceptible or CQ-resistant P. berghei [145].…”
Abstract:A great challenge to clinical development is the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, known to cause severe toxic effects, directly to diseased sites which increase the therapeutic index whilst minimizing off-target side effects. Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles offer great opportunities to overcome these limitations in therapeutics. They combine the advantages given by the nanoparticles with the ability to bind to their target with high affinity and improve cell penetration given by the antibodies. This specialized vehicle, that can encapsulate several chemotherapeutic agents, can be engineered to possess the desirable properties, allowing overcoming the successive physiological conditions and to cross biological barriers and reach a specific tissue or cell. Moreover, antibody-conjugated nanoparticles have shown the ability to be internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis and accumulate in cells without being recognized by the P-glycoprotein, one of the main mediators of multi-drug resistance, resulting in an increase in the intracellular concentration of drugs. Also, progress in antibody engineering has allowed the manipulation of the basic antibody structure for raising and tailoring specificity and functionality. This review explores recent developments on active drug targeting by nanoparticles functionalized with monoclonal antibodies (polymeric micelles, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles) and summarizes the opportunities of these targeting strategies in the therapy of serious diseases (cancer, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, and thrombosis).
“…Studies have shown that the covalent attachment of antibodies to Ls specifically enhanced their binding to rat erythrocytes in vivo and reduced their uptake by the liver and therefore can be used to target antimalarials to erythrocytes [146,310,311]. MAb F10-bearing Ls containing CQ were produced and its efficacy was evaluated in mice infected with CQ-susceptible or CQ-resistant P. berghei [145].…”
Abstract:A great challenge to clinical development is the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, known to cause severe toxic effects, directly to diseased sites which increase the therapeutic index whilst minimizing off-target side effects. Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles offer great opportunities to overcome these limitations in therapeutics. They combine the advantages given by the nanoparticles with the ability to bind to their target with high affinity and improve cell penetration given by the antibodies. This specialized vehicle, that can encapsulate several chemotherapeutic agents, can be engineered to possess the desirable properties, allowing overcoming the successive physiological conditions and to cross biological barriers and reach a specific tissue or cell. Moreover, antibody-conjugated nanoparticles have shown the ability to be internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis and accumulate in cells without being recognized by the P-glycoprotein, one of the main mediators of multi-drug resistance, resulting in an increase in the intracellular concentration of drugs. Also, progress in antibody engineering has allowed the manipulation of the basic antibody structure for raising and tailoring specificity and functionality. This review explores recent developments on active drug targeting by nanoparticles functionalized with monoclonal antibodies (polymeric micelles, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles) and summarizes the opportunities of these targeting strategies in the therapy of serious diseases (cancer, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, and thrombosis).
“…One such example is tuftsin, a natural macrophage activator peptide that can stimulate accessory functions to combat infections [43]. Another candidate macrophage receptor, which has been exploited in particle surface engineering and macrophage targeting, is the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163.…”
Particulate systems in the form of liposomes, polymeric micelles, polymeric nano- and microparticles, and many others offer a rational approach for selective delivery of therapeutic agents to the macrophage from different physiological portals of entry. Particulate targeting of macrophages and intracellular drug release processes can be optimized through modifications of the drug carrier physicochemical properties, which include hydrodynamic size, shape, composition and surface characteristics. Through such modifications together with understanding of macrophage cell biology, targeting may be aimed at a particular subset of macrophages. Advances in basic and therapeutic concepts of particulate targeting of macrophages and related nanotechnology approaches for immune cell modifications are discussed.
“…There has been much research on intracellular drug delivery for DNA and protein (Haining et al, 2004) vaccines, transfection/gene delivery (Putnam, 2006), and treatment of intracellular infections (Agrawal and Gupta, 2000). However, much remains to be done in getting synthetic methods to have anywhere near the efficiency of, for example, viral vectors in transfecting cells.…”
Particulate drug delivery systems have become important in experimental pharmaceutics and clinical medicine. The distinction is often made between micro-and nanoparticles, being particles with dimensions best described in micrometers and nanometers respectively. That size difference entails real differences at many levels, from formulation to in vivo usage. Here I will discuss those differences and provide examples of applications, for local and systemic drug delivery. I will outline a number of challenges of interest in particulate drug delivery.
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