Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida Trypanosomatidae): Ecology of the transmission cycle in the wild environment of the Andean valley of Cochabamba, Bolivia

Cortez, Mirko Rojas; Pinho, Ana Paula; Cuervo, Patrícia; Alfaro, Fernando D.; Solano, Marco; Xavier, Samanta C. C.; D’Andrea, Paulo Sérgio; Fernandes, Octávio; Torrico, Faustino; Noireau, François; Jansen, Ana Maria

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2006.04.010

Cited by 50 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Although cats were frequently reported to stray and hunt in the forest , their current contribution to such introduction appears to be negligible because the few cats that were infected had TC IIe. Moreover, no infection was found among 162 rodents examined for T. cruzi during 2002-2007 this study) despite rodent infections being common in Bolivia, Chile and Brazil (Cortez et al, 2006, Herrera et al, 2007Rozas et al, 2007). Dogs could become infected with TC I or TC IIc while visiting the forest or hunting, since dogs were reported to kill opossums in this area (Schweigmann et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

Cardinal

Lauricella

Ceballos

et al. 2008

International Journal for Parasitology

106

104

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Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and parasite transmission dynamics have been well documented throughout the Americas, but few studies have been conducted in the Gran Chaco ecoregion, one of the most highly endemic areas for Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi. In this study we assessed the distribution of T. cruzi lineages (identified by PCR strategies) in Triatoma infestans, domestic dogs, cats, humans and sylvatic mammals from two neighboring rural areas with different histories of transmission and vector control in northern Argentina. Lineage II predominated among the 99 isolates characterized and lineage I among the six isolates obtained from sylvatic mammals. Trypanosoma cruzi lineage IIe predominated in domestic habitats; it was found in 87% of 54 isolates from Tr. infestans, in 82% of 33 isolates from dogs, and in the four cats found infected. Domestic and sylvatic cycles overlapped in the study area in the late 1980s, when intense domestic transmission occurred, and still overlap marginally. The introduction of T. cruzi from sylvatic into domestic habitats is likely to occur very rarely in the current epidemiological context. The household distribution of T. cruzi lineages showed that Tr. infestans, dogs and cats from a given house compound shared the same parasite lineage in most cases. Based on molecular evidence, this result lends further support to the importance of dogs and cats as domestic reservoir hosts of T. cruzi. We believe that in Argentina, this is the first time that lineage IIc has been isolated from naturally-infected domestic dogs and Tr. infestans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

Cardinal

Lauricella

Ceballos

et al. 2008

International Journal for Parasitology

106

104

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“…[29][30][31][32] In Bolivia, sylvatic populations are extensively documented, and nymphs and adults have been found in several ecotopes. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] In Chile, sylvatic foci of T. infestans with all nymphal and adult instars were documented inhabiting terrestrial bromeliads. 21 Reinfestation of human dwellings may follow active dispersal of winged adults from the wild foci to houses, attracted by light during hot weather.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Pattern of Infection of Sylvatic Nymphs and Domiciliary Adults of Triatoma infestans with Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in Chile

Bacigalupo¹,

Segovia²,

García³

et al. 2012

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In Chile, the main vector of Chagas disease, Triatoma infestans, is under control after insecticide spraying. However, it has been found colonizing wild habitats. This study evaluated Trypanosoma cruzi infection of sylvatic and domiciliary T. infestans and identified their parasite genotypes. The sample studied was composed mainly of T. infestans sylvatic nymphs and domiciliary adults from a semi-urban area with human dwellings under vector control surveillance. Results showed prevalences of 57.7% in nymphs and 68.6% in adults. Hybridization tests showed a major T. cruzi lineage (TcI) circulating in sylvatic (93.3%) and domiciliary (100%) T. infestans. TcII, TcV, and TcVI were also detected, mainly in nymphs, suggesting differential adaptation of T. cruzi lineages among instars. We also discuss the origin of domiciliary individuals of T. infestans and the risk of human infection by triatomines of sylvatic foci that invade houses despite vector control programs.

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“…2012), have been reported in highland Andean valleys (Cortez et al . 2006, 2007; Buitrago et al . 2010) and to the south in the arid, lowland Chaco region (Ceballos et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal

et al. 2015

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An improved understanding of how a parasite species exploits its genetic repertoire to colonize novel hosts and environmental niches is crucial to establish the epidemiological risk associated with emergent pathogenic genotypes. Trypanosoma cruzi, a genetically heterogeneous, multi‐host zoonosis, provides an ideal system to examine the sylvatic diversification of parasitic protozoa. In Bolivia, T. cruzi I, the oldest and most widespread genetic lineage, is pervasive across a range of ecological clines. High‐resolution nuclear (26 loci) and mitochondrial (10 loci) genotyping of 199 contemporaneous sylvatic TcI clones was undertaken to provide insights into the biogeographical basis of T. cruzi evolution. Three distinct sylvatic parasite transmission cycles were identified: one highland population among terrestrial rodent and triatomine species, composed of genetically homogenous strains (A r = 2.95; PA/L = 0.61; DAS = 0.151), and two highly diverse, parasite assemblages circulating among predominantly arboreal mammals and vectors in the lowlands (A r = 3.40 and 3.93; PA/L = 1.12 and 0.60; DAS = 0.425 and 0.311, respectively). Very limited gene flow between neighbouring terrestrial highland and arboreal lowland areas (distance ~220 km; FST = 0.42 and 0.35) but strong connectivity between ecologically similar but geographically disparate terrestrial highland ecotopes (distance >465 km; FST = 0.016–0.084) strongly supports ecological host fitting as the predominant mechanism of parasite diversification. Dissimilar heterozygosity estimates (excess in highlands, deficit in lowlands) and mitochondrial introgression among lowland strains may indicate fundamental differences in mating strategies between populations. Finally, accelerated parasite dissemination between densely populated, highland areas, compared to uninhabited lowland foci, likely reflects passive, long‐range anthroponotic dispersal. The impact of humans on the risk of epizootic Chagas disease transmission in Bolivia is discussed.

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Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida Trypanosomatidae): Ecology of the transmission cycle in the wild environment of the Andean valley of Cochabamba, Bolivia

Cited by 50 publications

References 35 publications

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

Differential Pattern of Infection of Sylvatic Nymphs and Domiciliary Adults of Triatoma infestans with Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in Chile

Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal

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