Truly Incidental Encoding of Frequency Information

Hasher, Lynn; Zacks, Rose T.; Rose, Karen C.; Sanft, Henrianne

doi:10.2307/1422643

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Such explicit encoding of nonoccurrence for an earlier seen item is unlikely to occur while engaged in the active encoding of different items; This, combined with the likelihood that maintaining a running frequency tally during encoding vastly exceeds working memory capacity, makes it likely that explicit encoding of frequency rarely occurs. This assumption is also consistent with work showing that levels of processing and attentional manipulations that increase or impede explicit recollection have little impact in the encoding of frequency information, which appears largely automatic (Hasher, Zacks, Rose, & Sanft, 1987;Hasher & Zacks, 1984;Zacks, Hasher, & Sanft, 1982;Hasher & Chromiak, 1977). Thus, the JOF task potentially serves as the complement to standard source memory tasks.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

fMRI Evidence for Separable and Lateralized Prefrontal Memory Monitoring Processes

Dobbins

Simons

Schacter

2004

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Source memory research suggests that attempting to remember specific contextual aspects surrounding prior stimulus encounters results in greater left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity than simple item-based old/new recognition judgments. Here, we tested a complementary hypothesis that predicts increases in the right PFC with tasks requiring close monitoring of item familiarity. More specifically, we compared a judgment of frequency (JOF) task to an item memory task, in which the former required estimating the number of previous picture encounters and the latter required discriminating old from new exemplars of previously seen items. In comparison to standard old/new recognition, both source memory and the JOF task examined here require more precise mnemonic judgments. However, in contrast to source memory, cognitive models suggest the JOF task relies heavily upon item familiarity, not specific contextual recollections. Event-related fMRI demonstrated greater recruitment of right, not left, dorso-lateral and frontopolar PFC regions during the JOF compared to item memory task. These data suggest a role for right PFC in the close monitoring of the familiarity of objects, which becomes critical when contextual recollection is ineffective in satisfying a memory demand.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

fMRI Evidence for Separable and Lateralized Prefrontal Memory Monitoring Processes

Dobbins

Simons

Schacter

2004

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…Their only requirement for automatically encoded attributes to enter long-term memory was that the subject must attend to the information either incidentally or intentionally, irrespective of the other resources available to the subject for processing information at the time. Subsequent research on automatic versus effortful processing has focused primarily on the encoding of frequency information (for review, see Hasher & Zacks, 1984;Hasher, Zacks, Rose, & Sanft, 1987). The present data from infants suggest that the encoding of place information is also age-invariant and occurs under conditions that can only be considered truly incidental.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Infant memory for place information

1991

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The present studies were designed to examine the role of place cues in memory retrieval during early infancy. Three-month-old infants were trained to move a mobile by kicking. Two weeks later, memory retrieval was disrupted ifthey were reminded in a location or place different from where they had been trained, but not if they were reminded in the same place (Experiment lA). The same result was obtained even though highly salient cues in their immediate visual surround remained unchanged during reminding (Experiments IB and lC). No disruption was seen, however, when retrieval was cued in a different place after only 1 day (Experiment 2). These findings unequivocally demonstrate that infants as young as 3 months encode incidental information about the place where an event occurs and suggest that early memories are buffered against retrieval in potentially inappropriate contexts over the long term.Most theories of human memory propose that information about the place where an event occurs is represented in the memory of that event and is critical in its subsequent retrieval (e.g.,

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“…For example, a common finding in dual-process studies is that increasing the "depth" of processing differentially increases recollective-versus familiarity-based responses (e.g., Gardiner, Java, & Richardson-Klavehn, 1996), suggesting that when attention is diverted from conceptual analysis of the materials, recollection suffers more than familiarity (or familiarity is unaffected). Conversely, the registration of information underlying judgments of item exposure frequency appears to be considerably less affected by attentional manipulation (Hasher & Zacks, 1984;Hasher, Zacks, Rose, & Sanft, 1987). To the extent that one assumes such frequency judgments to be predominantly based on item familiarity, this also suggests a differential dependence on attentional resources for recollection and familiarity during encoding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Dissociating familiarity from recollection using rote rehearsal

2004

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Recollection-based recognition memory judgments benefit greatly from effortful elaborative encoding, whereas familiarity-based judgments are much less sensitive to such manipulations. In this study, we have examined whether rote rehearsal under divided attention might produce the opposite dissociation, benefiting familiarity more than recollection. Subjects rehearsed word pairs during the "distractor" phase of a working memory span task, and were then given a surprise memory test for the distractor items at the end of the experiment. Experiment 1 demonstrated that increasing rehearsal elevated the recognition rate for intact and rearranged pairs, but neither associative recognition accuracy nor implicit fragment completion benefited from rehearsal. The results suggest that rote rehearsal leads to a greater increase in familiarity than in recollection, and that the increase in observed familiarity cannot be attributed to effects of repetition priming. In Experiment 2, we tested item recognition with the remember/know procedure, and the results supported the conclusions of Experiment 1. Moreover, a signal detection model of remember/know performance systematically overpredicted rehearsal increases in remember rates, and this worsened when high-rehearsal items were assumed to be more variable in strength. The results suggest that rote rehearsal can dissociate familiarity from recollection at the time of encoding and that item recognition cannot be fully accommodated within a one-dimensional signal detection model.

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Truly Incidental Encoding of Frequency Information

Cited by 28 publications

References 30 publications

fMRI Evidence for Separable and Lateralized Prefrontal Memory Monitoring Processes

fMRI Evidence for Separable and Lateralized Prefrontal Memory Monitoring Processes

Infant memory for place information

Dissociating familiarity from recollection using rote rehearsal

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