True and hollow forgiveness, forgiveness motives, and conflict resolution

Takada, Naomi; Ohbuchi, Ken Ichi

doi:10.1108/10444061311316799

Cited by 17 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…First, forgiveness may reflect an intent to heal the relationship even at the expense of maximizing one's individual outcome (i.e., sacrificing vengeful desires for the sake of repairing the relationship)-a truly cooperative or prosocial orientation in SVO terms (Van Lange, 1999), also labeled "relationship-oriented," "other-focused," or "inclusive" in the forgiveness literature (see Finkel et al, 2002;McCullough, 2008;Strelan, 2018;Strelan et al, 2013). 2 Second, forgiveness may reflect an individualistic orientation, such as trying to evade being sanctioned for violating a forgiveness norm, trying to manage one's mood, to protect one's ideal self, to regain social status or a sense of personal control, and so on (Baskin & Enright, 2004;Exline et al, 2003;Strelan & Covic, 2006;Strelan et al, 2013;Takada & Ohbuchi, 2013;Worthington & Scherer, 2004). Notably, such individualistic or "selforiented" forgiveness aims at maximizing the victim's outcomes without taking any consequences for the transgressor into account.…”

Section: Perceiving Forgivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downstream Consequences of Post-Transgression Responses: A Motive-Attribution Framework

Gollwitzer

Okimoto

2021

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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Victims commonly respond to experienced wrongdoing by punishing or forgiving the transgressor. While much research has looked at predictors and immediate consequences of these post-transgression responses, comparably less research has addressed the conditions under which punishment or forgiveness have positive or negative downstream consequences on the victim–transgressor relationship. Drawing from research on Social Value Orientation (SVO), we argue that both forgiveness and punishment can be rooted in either prosocial (i.e., relationship- or other-oriented), individualistic (i.e., self-oriented), or competitive (i.e., harm-oriented) motives pursued by the victim. Furthermore, we posit that downstream consequences of forgiveness and punishment crucially depend on how the transgressor interprets the victim’s response. The novel motive-attribution framework presented here highlights the importance of alignment between a victim’s motives and a transgressor’s motive attributions underlying post-transgression responses. This framework thus contributes to a better understanding of positive and negative dynamics following post-transgression interactions.

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Section: Perceiving Forgivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downstream Consequences of Post-Transgression Responses: A Motive-Attribution Framework

Gollwitzer

Okimoto

2021

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

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“…The development of forgiveness research in individualistic cultural contexts has been noted by some scholars, who argue that conceptions of forgiveness and the processes linked to forgiveness may be framed differently in collectivist cultural contexts (Hook, Worthington, & Utsey, 2009;Sandage, Hill, & Vang, 2003). Some empirical studies support this view; they will be discussed further below (Fu, Watkins, & Hui, 2004;Hook et al, 2013;Kurniati, Worthington, Kristi Poerwandari, Ginanjar, & Dwiwardani, 2017;Suwartono, Yeti Prawasti, & Mullet, 2007;Takada & Ohbuchi, 2013).…”

Section: Conceptions Of Forgiveness In Cultural Contextsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For members of these groups, the most significant function of forgiveness may be to restore closeness and group harmony. For example, research among Japanese participants found that relationship-oriented motives (e.g., desire for social harmony, sympathy for the offender) were endorsed as reasons to forgive (Fu et al, 2004; Takada & Ohbuchi, 2007, 2013). When social harmony and personal interests are in conflict, Japanese people may forgive and resolve conflict for the sake of the relationship, even if it incurs a personal cost (such as inner peace; Hook et al, 2009; Sandage et al, 2003).…”

Section: Forgiveness In Western and East Asian Contextsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Does Culture Shape Conceptions of Forgiveness? Evidence From Japan and the United States

Joo

Terzino²,

Cross

et al. 2019

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Theories of culture, cognition, and social relations suggest there may be differences in conceptions of forgiveness between the members of East Asian and Western cultures, but few researchers have examined this issue. This article builds on previous research on prototypes of forgiveness in the United States to address the question "What is forgiveness?" in Japan. In Studies 1a and 1b, we investigated Japanese conceptions of forgiveness. Study 2 demonstrated that forgiveness features that U.S. and Japanese participants generated are meaningfully different. Compared with Americans, Japanese participants focused more on aspects related to relationship harmony; they seemed to emphasize an adjustment motive and decisional forgiveness. They also put less emphasis on emotional forgiveness and attention to individuals in comparison with Americans. Our results suggest that the high value placed on relationship maintenance in Japan leads to different understandings of forgiveness. Inclusion of culturally diverse conceptions into the definition of forgiveness aids further understanding of forgiveness, which, in turn, enhances the development and application of existing theories.

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“…Prior research has conceptually stated and empirically established a positive relationship between empathy and forgiveness. Forgiveness is defined as "one's willingness to abandon rightful resentment, condemnation and even subtle revenge toward the offender" (McCullough et al, 1998;Takada and Ohbuchi, 2013), which is directly driven by his/her empathy toward the offender. Empathy can directly interfere with the natural course of victims' thoughts regarding the offender.…”

Section: The Mediating Role Of Empathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit-explicit power motives congruence and forgiveness in the workplace conflict: the mediating role of empathy

Ran

Liu

Cheng

et al. 2021

IJCMA

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Purpose In the workplace, forgiveness can increase positive interactions between the victim and offender in the aftermath of a conflict. As an important intrapersonal factor in an organization, a victim’s power motives may shape one’s forgiveness. However, previous research shows inconsistent results because it only considers explicit power motives while ignoring the possible contingent role of implicit power motives in influencing forgiveness. This paper aims to consider both implicit and explicit power motives and aims to examine their joint effect on interpersonal forgiveness in the workplace conflict. Design/methodology/approach Polynomial regressions with response surface analysis were conducted with 415 Amazon Mechanical Turk users. Implicit power motives were measured by using a modified picture story exercise technique, whereas explicit power motives were measured via self-response scales. Findings First, congruence in power motives was associated with higher empathy and forgiveness than incongruence. In addition, high-implicit/high explicit power motives led to higher level of empathy and forgiveness than low-implicit/low-explicit power motives. Furthermore, directional power motive incongruence had an additive effect on forgiveness, such that discrepantly low-implicit/high-explicit power motives were more detrimental to empathy and forgiveness than discrepantly high-implicit/low-explicit power motives. Finally, empathy underlies the combined effect of implicit and explicit power motives on forgiveness. Practical implications The findings suggest that in a workplace conflict, managers should consider an employee’s explicit and implicit motives. To build the harmony group work climate, managers can improve intrapersonal implicit–explicit power motive congruence by providing developmental support and training focusing on self-enhancement and self-affirmation with the low-explicit-powerful employees. Further, to promote forgiveness in a conflict, organizations can use empathy-based exercise and provide team building activities to increase employees’ empathy and perspective-taking toward others. Originality/value By integrating implicit–explicit framework, this paper conciliates previous studies investigating the relationship between power and forgiveness by proposing that the two types of power motives, implicit and explicit power motives, jointly influences a victim’s forgiving tendency. This study serves as a meaningful touchstone for future research to consider both implicit and explicit power motives into the organizational conflict framework.

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True and hollow forgiveness, forgiveness motives, and conflict resolution

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Downstream Consequences of Post-Transgression Responses: A Motive-Attribution Framework

Downstream Consequences of Post-Transgression Responses: A Motive-Attribution Framework

How Does Culture Shape Conceptions of Forgiveness? Evidence From Japan and the United States

Implicit-explicit power motives congruence and forgiveness in the workplace conflict: the mediating role of empathy

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