Tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures measured by SEASAT microwave radiometer and by ships

Abstract

Sea surface temperatures (SST) obtained from the SEASAT scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) are compared with in situ SST observations in the eastern and central tropical Pacific Ocean for late July 1978. Comparing pairs of SMMR and ship SST (injection temperatures), we find that the SMMR SSTs are biased 0.90C lower than ship SSTs, with a standard deviation (relative to the bias) of 1.70C. Since ship SSTs tend to concentrate along shipping lanes, while SMMR SST's are distributed nearly uniformly, the statistics based on data‐to‐data comparisons are spatially biased; in addition, there is ambiguity in comparing the spatially averaged (149 km×149 km) SMMR SST against the point‐observed ship SST. These ambiguities in data comparison can be reduced by comparing the SST fields derived from these data. The result shows that the SMMR‐derived SST field (TSMMR) is, on the average, lower than the ship‐derived SST field Tship by 0.80C with a standard deviation of 0.80C. Adjusted for 0.20C to 0.70C warm bias of ship SST [Saur, 1963; Tabata, 1978], this set of SMMR SST has a bias −0.6° to −0.1°C. The difference between rship and TSMMR shows a strong regional dependence, as found in comparing SST fields derived either from different data sets or from the same data set but with different methods [Barnett et al., 1981]. In our case, the standard deviation of the difference between these two fields is found to be inversely proportional to the spatial density of ship data. The implications are that the spatial variation of the SST field may be better derived from SMMR SST than from ship SST, which is handicapped by its nonuniform data distribution, and, after determining the biases of both SMMR and ship SST, these two data sets may complement each other for constructing SST fields.

The Effect of Spaceborne Microwave and Ground-Based Continuous Lightning Measurements on Forecasts of the 1998 Groundhog Day Storm

“…The addition of a 10-GHz channel to the TMI permitted SSTs to be measured even in the presence of clouds by a technique based on the study by Liu (1983). SST maps were produced by Remote Sensing Systems Inc. from 4-day composites of TMI observations.…”

Moisture and latent heat flux variabilities in the tropical Pacific derived from satellite data

“…Data from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on Seasat were used in their demonstrations. SMMR observations can be used to compute sea surface temperature Ts, surface wind speed U, and precipitable water W [Cardone et al, 1983;Katsaros et al, 1982;Liu, 1983]. By relating precipitable water to surface mixing ratio Q, the three parameters required in conventional bulk parameterization methods can be monitored repeatedly on a global scale.…”

Advances in Passive Remote Sensing of the Ocean

“…SST retrievals rely primarily on brightness temperatures at 6.6 GHz. Liu [1983] reports an rms error of 1.7°C. Bernstein [1982 c ] and Bernstein and Morris [1983] report accuracies of better than 1°C in monthly averages.…”