Tropical deforestation induces thresholds of reproductive viability and habitat suitability in Earth’s largest eagles

Miranda, Everton B. P.; Peres, Carlos A.; Carvalho‐Rocha, Vítor; Miguel, Bruna V.; Lormand, Nickolas; HUIZINGA, NIKI; Munn, Charles A.; Semedo, Thiago Borges Fernandes; Ferreira, T.; Pinho, João Batista de; Piacentini, Vítor Q.; Marini, Miguel Ângelo; Downs, Colleen T.

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92372-z

Cited by 19 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…2021). Even so, this does not consider how this may affect breeding performance, with harpy eagles having lower breeding productivity in fragmented habitats (Miranda et al . 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, both the crested and harpy eagle had a broad tolerance to cultivated landcover, though highest suitability occurred in areas of < 20 % cultivated landcover. This suggests that both eagles may struggle to adapt to more fragmented cultivated habitat, particularly for the harpy eagle which does not switch to terrestrial prey in cultivated areas, resulting in a lack of food provisioning for nestlings (Miranda 2021). Conversely, the crested eagle may be more reliant on mature forest, possibly associated with their stronger reliance on a diet of arboreal snakes and cavity nesting arboreal birds and mammals (Whitacre et al 2012;Gomes et al 2021).…”

Section: Environmental Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, the crested eagle may be more reliant on mature forest, possibly associated with their stronger reliance on a diet of arboreal snakes and cavity nesting arboreal birds and mammals (Whitacre et al 2012;Gomes et al 2021). Even so, this does not consider how this may affect breeding performance, with harpy eagles having lower breeding productivity in fragmented habitats (Miranda et al 2021).…”

Section: Environmental Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Habitat resource overlap in two broad-ranged sympatric Neotropical forest eagles

Sutton

Anderson

Franco

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Quantifying resource partitioning between co-occurring species has important ecological and evolutionary implications. Yet, few studies compare resource overlap in both geographic and environmental space. We test whether the habitat requirements of two closely related Neotropical forest eagles, the crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis) and harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), differ at fine and coarse resolutions across their shared geographic range. Using landcover and topographic covariates, we quantified resource overlap first using higher resolution (30 arc-sec data) generalized linear models (GLMs), and second using coarser-grain (2.5 arc-min data) environmental ordination. The distribution of both eagles was largely explained by canopy species richness and structural complexity with evergreen forest, but with differing responses to landcover and topography, particularly with the harpy eagle more likely in areas of dense evergreen forest. Both eagles were negatively associated with mosaic forest, with this relationship stronger for the crested eagle. Harpy eagle distribution was restricted by higher elevation and terrain roughness, compared to the crested eagle, whose distribution was more restricted by canopy species richness and structure. From the GLMs, resource overlap was > 92 % in geographical space but reduced to 64 % in environmental space. From ordination, resource overlap was 76 % in environmental space, with randomization tests supporting equivalent environmental space for both eagles. Our results suggest that at the biogeographical scale, crested and harpy eagles share environmental space, but there may be subtle differences in fine-scale habitat preference. We recommend habitat resource overlap be assessed in both geographical and environmental space at multiple resolutions to capture the inherent variability in environmental conditions available to co-occurring species.

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“…2021). Even so, this does not consider how this may affect breeding performance, with harpy eagles having lower breeding productivity in fragmented habitats (Miranda et al . 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Habitat resource overlap in two broad-ranged sympatric Neotropical forest eagles

Sutton

Anderson

Franco

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Cattle ranchers in the Arc of Deforestation confront other livestock predators (large felids and boid snakes) on a day‐to‐day basis. Conversely, harpy eagles occur at low densities and hardly ever prey on terrestrial vertebrates or livestock (Miranda et al ., 2021 b ), leading local people not to consider them a significant threat to livestock as the other, omnipresent, terrestrial predators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landowner perceptions of livestock predation: implications for persecution of an Amazonian apex predator

Miranda

Peres

Downs

2021

Animal Conservation

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Apex predators are widely threatened globally and generally considered a priority on the conservation biology agenda. The harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja, is an apex predator threatened by habitat loss and persecution and a flagship species for Neotropical conservation. We investigated the roles of social, economic and environmental factors related to livestock depredation by harpy eagles, causes of reported harpy eagle persecution by local landholders and the intent of future harpy eagle killings. We explored these issues using structured interviews with 184 local livestock owners, who had admitted killing a combined total of 181 harpy eagles. We found that livestock abundance and livestock husbandry were the best positive predictors of levels of self‐reported livestock predation by harpy eagles. Domestic livestock reported to be killed by harpy eagles (192) were mainly chickens (47.9%), followed by goats (22.4%), pigs (18.2%) and sheep (8.3%), with pets representing only ~3% of kills. Few harpy eagle killings were related to livestock predation, which accounted for less than 20% of all eagles killed. Instead, the main reason for killing harpy eagles was simple curiosity, and many interviewees reported later regretting their acts. Regarding intent to kill harpy eagles in the future, interviewees’ perceptions of the threat posed to livestock and humans by eagles, and the subjective norm, were unrelated to intent to kill harpy eagles further. The single most important factor in predicting intent to kill harpy eagles was whether the interviewee had suffered livestock predation by eagles in the past. Additionally, the intention to kill eagles was negatively associated with landholding size. Most of our interviewees were relatively large landowners, but they are typically outnumbered by smallholders who are more likely to persecute harpy eagles. Consequently, education, compensation and tourism activities should be directed to smallholders to mitigate unnecessary persecution and mortality of harpy eagles.

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“…2006) because it may struggle to adapt rapidly enough to changing conditions and resources (Krüger & Radford 2008, Miranda et al . 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

Reduced range size and Important Bird and Biodiversity Area coverage for the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) predicted from multiple climate change scenarios

Sutton

Anderson

Franco

et al. 2022

Ibis

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Climate change is expected to have a profound impact on species distributions, contracting suitable climate space. Biodiversity areas are important to mitigate these negative effects but are static by design and thus do not account for future projections of species distributions. The Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja has a broad range across lowland Neotropical forests and thus its distribution could be negatively affected by climate change when combined with current rates of habitat loss. To test this hypothesis, we use spatial point process models fitted with climatic, topographical and landcover covariates to identify the current distribution. We then project to 24 future climate scenarios, using three General Circulation Models (GCMs) and two emission scenarios between the years 2021 and 2100 averaged over four, 20-year periods. Our current model identified a core range across Amazonia and the Guiana Shield, with evergreen forest (71%), mean diurnal temperature range (13%) and elevation (6%) the most important predictors. Reclassifying the current model to a binary prediction estimated a range size of ~7.6 million km 2 , with the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) network covering 18% of habitat (~1.4 million km 2 ) within this range. By 2090, range size was predicted to decrease on average by 14.4% under a higher emissions scenario, and 7.3% under a lower emissions scenario. The IBA network would cover 14% less area under a higher emissions scenario, and 3.3% less distribution area under a lower emissions scenario by 2090. Southern Amazonia is predicted to have the greatest reduction in range size and subsequently highest loss of Harpy Eagle habitat within the IBA network. Our work demonstrates that the combination of climate change and subsequent habitat loss may result in substantial losses in distribution for this raptor across the southern edge of its range.

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Tropical deforestation induces thresholds of reproductive viability and habitat suitability in Earth’s largest eagles

Cited by 19 publications

References 61 publications

Habitat resource overlap in two broad-ranged sympatric Neotropical forest eagles

Habitat resource overlap in two broad-ranged sympatric Neotropical forest eagles

Landowner perceptions of livestock predation: implications for persecution of an Amazonian apex predator

Reduced range size and Important Bird and Biodiversity Area coverage for the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) predicted from multiple climate change scenarios

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