Trophism, Tropism and Specificity in Nerve Regeneration

Lundborg, Göran; Dahlin, Lars B.; Danielsen, Nils; Zhao, Qing

doi:10.1055/s-2007-1006604

Cited by 150 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Neurite outgrowth promoting factors, either on cell surfaces (cell adhesion molecules and recognition molecules) or in the extracellular matrix, promote extension of the axons by providing an appropriate ''adhesiveness'' in the substrate, 74 which facilitates axon-to-axon and axon-to-Schwann cell attachment. 75 Some of these factors are also regulated by nerve injury.…”

Section: Schwann Cells Neurite-outgrowth-promoting Factors and Neurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schwann cells, neurotrophic factors, and peripheral nerve regeneration

1998

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The peripheral nervous system retains a considerable capacity for regeneration. However, functional recovery rarely returns to the preinjury level no matter how accurate the nerve repair is, and the more proximal the injury the worse the recovery. Among a variety of approaches being used to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration are the manipulation of Schwann cells and the use of neurotrophic factors. Such factors include, first, nerve growth factor (NGF) and the other recently identified members of the neurotrophin family, namely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5); second, the neurokines ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); and third, the transforming growth factors (TGFs)-beta and their distant relative, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In this review article we focus on the roles in peripheral nerve regeneration of Schwann cells and of the neurotrophin family, CNTF and GDNF, and the relationship between these. Finally, we discuss what remains to be understood about the possible clinical use of neurotrophic factors.

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Section: Schwann Cells Neurite-outgrowth-promoting Factors and Neurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schwann cells, neurotrophic factors, and peripheral nerve regeneration

1998

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“…Failure to restore injured nerves can lead to loss of muscle function, impaired sensation and/or painful neuropathies [1,2,3,4]. Traditionally, functional nerve defects have been remedied by many methods, including nerve transfer [5,6,7,8], nerve grafts, artificial nerve conduit bridging [9,10,11,12] and end-to-side neurorrhaphy [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximum Number of Collaterals Developed by One Axon during Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and the Influence of That Number on Reinnervation Effects

Jiang¹,

Xi²,

Zhang³

et al. 2007

Eur Neurol

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This study investigated the maximum number of collaterals that can be maintained by 1 axon during regeneration of rat peripheral nerve. The tibial nerve was transected, the proximal residual, with its variable number of axons, was fixed to the distal stump and served as the donor nerve. The number of myelinated axons was calculated after 12 weeks. An increasing ratio of distal stump axon numbers to proximal donor nerve axon numbers of 1.0, 1.83, 3.64 and 7.97 yielded ratios of regenerative myelinated axon numbers to proximal donor axon numbers of 0.98, 1.51, 2.39, 2.89, respectively, with an estimated maximum value of approximately 3.3 using the Hill function. The tibial function indexes and nerve conduction velocities of the regenerated tibial nerve were –44.1 ± 5.1 and 43.2 ± 5.3 m/s, –57.5 ± 4.7 and 18.6 ± 4.3 m/s, –80.2 ± 7.1 and 12.7 ± 3.7 m/s, and –85.4 ± 5.7 and 10.5 ± 3.9 m/s, respectively. It has been suggested that 1 axon can regenerate and maintain up to 3 or 4 collaterals in regenerated rat peripheral nerve.

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“…5 Trophic factors are necessary for the survival and growth of the damaged axons, and tropic factors to direct the growth of the regenerating axons. 6 Consequently, by using a nerve guide, guidance of regenerating axons is not only achieved by a mechanical effect (the wall and lumen of the nerve guide), but also by a chemical effect (accumulation of neurotrophic and neurotropic factors).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of poly(DL‐lactide‐ϵ‐caprolactone) nerve guides

Meek¹,

Jansen²,

Steendam

et al. 2003

J Biomedical Materials Res

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Abstract:Bridging nerve gaps by means of autologous nerve grafts involves donor nerve graft harvesting. Recent studies have focused on the use of alternative methods, and one of these is the use of biodegradable nerve guides. After serving their function, nerve guides should degrade to avoid a chronic foreign body reaction. The in vitro degradation, in vitro cytotoxicity, hemocompatibility, and short-term in vivo foreign body reaction of poly( 65 / 35 ( 85 / 15 L / D ) lactide-⑀-caprolactone) nerve guides was studied. The in vitro degradation characteristics of poly(DLLA-⑀-CL) nerve guides were monitored at 2-week time intervals during a period of 22 weeks. Weight loss, degree of swelling of the tube wall, mechanical strength, thermal properties, and the intrinsic viscosity of the nerve guides were determined. Cytotoxicity was studied by measuring the cell proliferation inhibition index (CPII) on mouse fibroblasts in vitro. Cell growth was evaluated by cell counting, while morphology was assessed by light microscopy. Hemocompatibility was evaluated using a thrombin generation assay and a complement convertase assay. The foreign body reaction against poly(DLLA-⑀-CL) nerve guides was investigated by examining toluidine blue stained sections. The in vitro degradation data showed that poly(DLLA-⑀-CL) nerve guides do not swell, maintain their mechanical strength and flexibility for a period of about 8 -10 weeks, and start to lose mass after about 10 weeks. Poly(DLLA-⑀-CL) nerve guides were classified as noncytotoxic, as cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that cell morphology was not affected (CPII 0%). The thrombin generation assay and complement convertase assay indicated that the material is highly hemocompatible. The foreign body reaction against the biomaterial was mild with a light priming of the immunesystem. The results presented in this study demonstrate that poly( 65 / 35 ( 85 / 15 L / D ) lactide-⑀-caprolactone) nerve guides are biocompatible, and show good in vitro degradation characteristics, making these biodegradable nerve guides promising candidates for bridging peripheral nerve defects up to several centimeters.

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Trophism, Tropism and Specificity in Nerve Regeneration

Cited by 150 publications

References 14 publications

Schwann cells, neurotrophic factors, and peripheral nerve regeneration

Schwann cells, neurotrophic factors, and peripheral nerve regeneration

Maximum Number of Collaterals Developed by One Axon during Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and the Influence of That Number on Reinnervation Effects

In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of poly(DL‐lactide‐ϵ‐caprolactone) nerve guides

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