Trinitrotoluene and Its Metabolites in Shoots and Roots of Panicum maximum in Nano-Phytoremediation

Abstract

Abstract-Phytoremediation is one of chemical removal methods but this is a long term process. Nanotechnology is a novelty method that can be used for toxic remediation. The objective of this study aimed to determine Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) translocation in shoots and roots based on the nano-phytoremediation experiments. For methodology, the transplantation method of Panicum maximum (Purple guinea grass) were selected for this study. The plants were transferred and grown in the soil that was spiked with TNT with concentrations of 100 and 500 mg/kg and also added with nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) with concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. The determination of TNT accumulation in Panicum maximum was carried out after harvesting at the end of 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , and 4 th months. The plants were divided into shoots and roots for the measurements of TNT and its metabolite residue concentrations. The present study can be concluded that the TNT uptake by roots in nZVI added soil was more effective than that without nZVI, particularly, the experiments with TNT concentration of 500 mg/kg. The results also showed that TNT was found in roots higher than that in shoots in all experimental groups. The 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT were only found in roots in all sets of the experiments. Both metabolites were undetectable in shoots. IndexTerms-Translocation, Panicum maximum, Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), Nanoscale zero valent iron particles (nZVI), phytoremediation.

Stabilized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Mediated Cadmium Accumulation and Oxidative Damage of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich Cultivated in Cadmium Contaminated Sediments

“…20 Panicum maximum growing in the soil amended with 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) resulted in higher trinitrotoluene accumulation. 21 nZVI at 750 and 1000 mg/kg promoted polychlorinated biphenyls accumulation and facilitated plant growth of Impatiens balsamina, thus enhancing the removal efficiency of soil contaminants. 22 nZVI is a commonly used nanomaterial which has been widely applied for the remediation of metal contaminated soils and sediments.…”

Nano-Phytotechnological Remediation of Endosulfan Using Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles

“…The EDS spectra showed that each nZVI had a core of zerovalent iron and a shell mainly composed of iron oxide (FeO). The dual properties of such nZVIs may allow them to be used to separate and transform many different contaminants like trinitrotoluene, chlorinated solvents and pesticides [23] [24]. TEM image (Figure 2) showed that a single particle was typically around 30 nm in diameter, and most of the particles were less than 100 nm in diameter.…”

“…Only limited studies have reported on the application of combined effects of nano remediation and phytoremediation. Nano-phytoremediation study for the removal of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) from contaminated soil has been reported [24]. Removal efficiency was found to be highest when nano-phytoremediation experiments were conducted in soil with the TNT/nZVI ratio of 1/10 with the complete TNT remediation (initial TNT concentration: 100 mg/kg) within 60 days.…”

Remediation of Soil Polluted With Thiamethoxam Using Green Nano – Phytotechnology

“…Pillai and Kottekottil (2016) show that the removal of endosulfan reached 82% within 7 days when nano phytoremediation experiments were conducted with A. calcarata then gradually decreased, probably due to the activity of nZVI decreased over time. In addition, removal efficiency was found to be highest when nanophytoremediation experiments were conducted in soil with the TNT/nZVI ratio of 1/10 with the complete TNT remediation (initial TNT concentration: 100 mg/kg) within 60 days (Jiamjitrpanich et al, 2013). Earlier researches have proven the combination of nanoparticles and plant species performed significant contaminants removal from contaminated soil.…”