TRIM45 aggravates microglia pyroptosis via Atg5/NLRP3 axis in septic encephalopathy

Abstract

Background Neuroinflammation mediated by microglial pyroptosis is an important pathogenic mechanism of septic encephalopathy (SAE). It has been reported that TRIM45 is associated with tumours and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of TRIM45 in SAE and the relationship between TRIM45 and microglial pyroptosis are unknown. In this study, we found that TRIM45 played an important role in regulating microglial pyroptosis and the molecular mechanism. Methods SAE was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS in WT and AAV-shTRIM45 mice. BV2 cells were treated with LPS/ATP in vitro. Cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze. Nissl staining was used to evaluate histological and structural lesions. ELISA was used to dectect neuroinflammation. qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, NLRP3, and autophagy genes. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were used to analyse the expression of the proteins. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells were observed by flow cytometry. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in BV2 cells were detected by JC-1 staining. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from blood by density gradient centrifugation and then used for qPCR, western blotting and flow detection. To further explore the mechanism, we used the overexpression plasmids TRIM45 and Atg5 as well as siRNA-TRIM45 and siRNA-Atg5 to analyse the downstream pathway of NLRP3. The protein and mRNA levels of TRIM45 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from sepsis patients were examined. Results Knocking down TRIM45 protected against neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in septic mice. TRIM45 knockdown inhibited microglial pyroptosis and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro, which was mediated by NLRP3/Gsdmd-N activation. Overexpression of TRIM45 could activate NLRP3 and downstream proteins. Further examination showed that TRIM45 regulated the activation of NLRP3 by altering Atg5 and regulating autophagic flux. It was also found that overexpression and knockdown of TRIM45 affected the changes in ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, knocking down TRIM45 could reduce microglial pyroptosis, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and neuronal damage and improve cognitive function. In addition, the level of TRIM45 protein in septic patients was increased. There was a positive linear correlation between APACHE II score and TRIM45, between SOFA score and TRIM45. Compared to group GCS > 9, level of TRIM45 were increased in group GCS ≤ 8. Conclusion TRIM45 plays a key role in neuroinflammation caused by LPS, and the mechanism may involve TRIM45-mediated exacerbation of microglial pyroptosis via the Atg5/NLRP3 axis. Graphical Abstract

Propofol and Dexmedetomidine Ameliorate Endotoxemia-Associated Encephalopathy via Inhibiting Ferroptosis

“…In the LPS-induced endotoxemia model, the interval between the last LPS injection and MWM tests varies, ranging from 2 to 10 days. [30][31][32][33][34][35] Secondly, brains of mice which underwent behavioral tests were not harvested. Another portion of the mice was sacrificed with their brains either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde or rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen for subsequent experiments after 24 hours of LPS intervention, as widely acknowledged by other researchers.…”

“…Another portion of the mice was sacrificed with their brains either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde or rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen for subsequent experiments after 24 hours of LPS intervention, as widely acknowledged by other researchers. 30,34 Thirdly, we selected five mice from the same batch, raised 1362 them in identical environments, and housed them in the same cage (seven replicates in total) to minimize intra-group differences in behavioral experiments. However, data from mice that died during MWM were excluded, reducing the sample size.…”