Trigonelline Inhibits Inflammation and Protects β Cells to Prevent Fetal Growth Restriction during Pregnancy in a Mouse Model of Diabetes

Abstract

Background: As an active component from traditional Chinese medicine, trigonelline has a protective effect on diabetes. This study evaluated the protective effects of trigonelline on diabetic mice during pregnancy. Methods: Diabetes was induced in female mice by intraperitoneal injection for continuous 5-day of 40 mg/kg/day streptozotocin. Female mice were divided into 4 groups after they were allowed to mate with normal male mice: nondiabetic, nondiabetic treated with trigonelline (70 mg/kg) for 18 days, diabetic, and diabetic treated with trigonelline (70 mg/kg). Results: Diabetic pregnant mice had significantly higher levels of blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and leptin but lower serum omentin-1 level and insulin sensitivity index than the nondiabetic ones. Trigonelline improved the hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and adipocytokine of diabetic pregnant mice. Diabetic pregnant mice had significantly reduced fetus numbers, fetal weight, and fetal/placental ratio, which were reversed by trigonelline. Trigonelline prevented the increase in proinflammatory cytokines and reduced interleukin-10 level in placenta of diabetic pregnant mice. Trigonelline increased β-cell replication and the decreased β-cell mass, and decreased the β-cell apoptosis of diabetic pregnant mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest that trigonelline protects diabetic pregnancy partly by suppressing inflammation, regulating the secretion of adipocytokines, increasing β-cell mass, replication, and decreasing β-cell apoptosis.

Induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mediated gene expression and inhibition of induced nitric oxide production by Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf

“…Different plant parts contain active compounds that act at multiple targets in the inflammatory response pathways and regulate a multitude of chemical mediators, enzymes, genes or cellular functions to alleviate inflammation [30] and hence, outcomes of assays that utilize extracts are expected to reflect a net effect of such potential multitarget interactions that may also apply to M. subcordata extracts. The PPARγ agonists' ability to inhibit inflammatory responses by repressing NF-κB target genes has been linked to the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes [77,78]. Likewise, the induction of PPARγ mediated gene expression as well as inhibition of NO production by M. subcordata extracts and candidate constituents thereof may imply that M. subcordata may have potential anti-inflammatory effects possibly by inhibiting NF-κB signalling pathways although the data in the present study are not enough to claim anti-inflammatory effects and that further studies are required.…”

Development and optimization of a method for determining betaine and trigonelline in the fruits of Lycium species by using solid‐phase extraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector

“…Noteworthily, trigonelline was first identified in Lycium fruits, and its content distribution in different Lycium species also was conducted and varied. Several previous studies have been focused on the protective effects of trigonelline on testicular tissue injury induced by heat stress in mice, or the treatment of nephrotic syndrome [23–25]. Trigonelline must be further investigated to determine whether it acts as a new quality and bioactive marker responsible for its pharmacological activities and quality assessments of Lycium fruits.…”

Trigonelline reduced diabetic nephropathy and insulin resistance in type�2 diabetic rats through peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ

“…Trigonelline is a major alkaloid isolated from the dry seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum L (7). It has been demonstrated to possess hypoglycemic, cholesterol-lowering, neural regeneration-promoting, anticancer and sedation effects (8). Notably, trigonelline can suppress β-amyloid protein in a dose-dependent manner (9).…”

“…Notably, trigonelline can suppress β-amyloid protein in a dose-dependent manner (9). Furthermore, trigonelline has been demonstrated to induce neuron dendrite and axon atrophy, promote cerebral cortical neuron dendrite and axon regeneration (9), therefore protecting the central nervous system neuron (8). Zhou et al (8) suggested that trigonelline inhibits inflammation to prevent fetal growth restriction during pregnancy in diabetes.…”