Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and 5’adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the inflammatory response: a potential therapeutic target

Abstract

Introduction The events in the cellular and molecular signaling triggered during inflammation mitigate tissue healing. The metabolic check-point control mediated by 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for switching the cells into an activated state capable of mediating inflammatory events. The cell metabolism involved in the inflammatory response represents a potential therapeutic target for the pharmacologic management of inflammation. Areas covered In this article, a critical review is presented on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) receptors and their role in the inflammatory responses, as well as homeostasis between different TREM molecules and their regulation. Additionally, we discussed the relationship between TREM and AMPK to identify novel targets to limit the inflammatory response. Literature search was carried out from the National Library of Medicine’s Medline database (using PubMed as the search engine) and Google Scholar and identified relevant studies up to March 30, 2016 using inflammation, TREM, AMPK, as the key words. Expert commentary The prevention of phenotype switching of immune cells during inflammation by targeting AMPK and TREM-1 could be beneficial for developing novel management strategies for inflammation and associated complications.

TREM-1, HMGB1 and RAGE in the Shoulder Tendon: Dual Mechanisms for Inflammation Based on the Coincidence of Glenohumeral Arthritis

“…But, the mechanism of the activation of tenocytes and integration of multiple factors (cytokines, signaling molecules, transcription factors etc.) to elicit inflammatory response in tendons in the presence/absence of clinical conditions like arthritis warrants a detailed and careful investigation [2, 23]. …”

“…The role of TREM-1 in aggravating the acute and chronic inflammation has already been well established in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases [7, 23–26]. TREM-1 is a member of immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors generally associated with neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, and these receptors are triggered by as yet unidentified ligand(s).…”

“…Xylene-based mounting media was used for mounting the stained sections. The slides were imaged using an inverted microscope attached with CCD camera (Olympus BX51; Olympus America, Center Valley, PA) under bright field mode [23]. The histological evaluation of slides was performed qualitatively and independently by two blinded investigators which were confirmed by the third one.…”

TREM-1; Is It a Pivotal Target for Cardiovascular Diseases?

“…Earlier on in this decade, putative ligands of TREM-1 used to be evasive [ 29 , 32 ], but lately, light started to shine on them. High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), also known as amphoterin, was the earlier targeted ligand for its role in inducing TREM-1 signaling in the activation of the Kupffer cell in hepatocellular carcinomas [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. It plays a very significant role as chromatin proteins that, like histones, are involved in DNA stabilization and gene transcription control.…”

Epigenetic mechanisms and implications in tendon inflammation (Review)

“…The response to inflammation constitutes a series of immune events that are evoked as a result of an insult in the tissues and aims to restore or re-establish normal structure and function. Inflammation is characterized by an increased local concentration of mediators, including inflammatory cells and cytokines ( 1 ). Chronic inflammation is a hallmark for several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders, and neurological diseases.…”