TREM-1; Is It a Pivotal Target for Cardiovascular Diseases?

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are as menacing as ever and still continue to kill adults worldwide, notwithstanding tremendous efforts to decrease their consequent mortality and morbidity. Lately, a growing body of research indicated that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and complications of CVDs. A receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) was shown to induce and amplify the inflammation in both acute and chronic disease’ pathogenesis and progression, which hence makes it one of the most important complication factors of CVDs. Thus, studies endeavored to investigate the role played by TREM-1 in CVDs with respect to their etiologies, complications, and possible therapeutics. We examined here, for the first time, the most relevant studies regarding TREM-1 involvement in CVDs. We critically analyzed and summarized our findings and made some suggestions for furtherance of the investigations with the aim to utilize TREM-1 and its pathways for diagnostic, management, and prognosis of CVDs. Overall, TREM-1 was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic cardiovascular conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and atherosclerosis. Although most therapeutic approaches are yet to be elucidated, our present research outcome displays a promising future to utilizing the TREM-1 pathway as a potential target for understanding and managing CVDs.

Shengxian decoction decreases doxorubicin‑induced cardiac apoptosis by regulating the TREM1/NF‑κB signaling pathway

“…A recent molecular and cellular study emphasized the important role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1), as it is involved in several mechanisms that are responsible for both acute and chronic CVD ( 16 ). TREM1 prevents macrophage apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial function ( 17 ), while downregulation of TREM1 inhibits apoptosis by suppressing the NF-κB pathway during chondrocyte injury ( 18 ).…”

Role of Soluble Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells -1 and 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D as Early Predictors of Neonatal Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

“…sTREM represents a crucial element of the innate immunity against infections [6]. During acute in ammatory response, TREM-1 is expressed on the surface of neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes [7]. Elevated sTREM-1 levels have been detected in bronchoalveolar lavage uids of patients with pneumonia, in the exhaled breath condensate in VAP patients, and in patients with sepsis [8].…”

Serum Levels of Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Associated with the Severity and Outcome of Acute Ischemic Stroke

“…Moreover, circulatory concentrations of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) have been suggested as a clinically valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In contrast to the innate immunity against infections, recent evidence has shown that the TREM-1 receptor and its signaling pathways contribute to the pathology of several non-infectious and non-inflammatory neurological diseases, such as cerebrovascular atherosclerosis [ 27 , 28 ], ischemia stroke [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], subarachnoid hemorrhage [ 32 , 33 ], Alzheimer’s disease [ 34 , 35 , 36 ], and Parkinson’s disease [ 34 ]. During acute ischemic stroke, endogenous molecules from damaged ischemic brain tissues are presumed to activate the TREM-1 signaling pathway and the downstream inflammatory machinery [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”