Triclosan has a robust, yet reversible impact on human gut microbial composition in vitro

Mahalak, Karley K.; Firrman, Jenni; Lee, Jung‐Jin; Bittinger, Kyle; Núñez, Alberto; Mattei, Lisa M.; Zhang, Huanjia; Bobokalonov, Jamshed; Arango-Argoty, Gustavo; Zhang, Liqing; Zhang, Guodong; Liu, LinShu

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234046

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In humans, bacterial diversity in the gut microbiome of infants who received breast milk with detectable triclosan levels was lower compared to the infants exposed to milk containing non-detectable amounts [21]. On the other hand, in in vivo studies, TCS from personal care products did not significantly affect the gut microbiome composition of adults and infants [16]. However, Mahalak et al reported that the use of high doses of TCS in vitro significantly reduced bacterial population, their diversity, and production of metabolites, mainly in the ascending colon of humans.…”

Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 85%

“…Metabolism, immunity. Due to the widespread use of the antimicrobial TCS in consumer goods and its metabolites in the environment, TCS as a small chemical can be consumed and absorbed by humans through the skin and mucous membranes [16,17]. The substance can stimulate toll-like receptors (TLR), influence the skin microbiome, and may increase the risk of allergic diseases [16,18].…”

Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the widespread use of the antimicrobial TCS in consumer goods and its metabolites in the environment, TCS as a small chemical can be consumed and absorbed by humans through the skin and mucous membranes [16,17]. The substance can stimulate toll-like receptors (TLR), influence the skin microbiome, and may increase the risk of allergic diseases [16,18]. In a recent in vivo study on female BALB/cAnNTac (BALB/c) mice cells, Weatherly et al reported that proallergic activity is also possible by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which can be caused by danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as S100A8/A9 protein.…”

Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism of action of triclosan as an endocrine-disrupting chemical with its impact on human health – literature review

Maksymowicz¹,

Machowiec²,

Ręka³

et al. 2021

J Pre Clin Clin Res.

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Introduction and objective.Triclosan is a synthetic, aromatic organic chemical compound with antimicrobial properties. Due to its wide application as a preservative in cosmetics, antiperspirants, plastics, or surgical sutures, various mechanisms of TCS action on the human body are described. The study focus on the analysis of antimicrobial properties, effects on metabolism, immunity and the endocrine system, as well as carcinogenesis. Review methods. The latest literature available on 13 June 2021 was reviewed by using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. There were 34 papers selected for analysis after reading the abstracts, which met the assumed criteria. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Triclosan can be used as an antimicrobial against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, over-exposure to TCS can also contribute to the acquisition of resistance in bacteria. Interestingly, triclosan as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) might disrupt thyroid, ovarian, or testis homeostasis, having a potential impact on reproductive health. TCS via an estrogen receptor signaling pathway can raise estrogen and progesterone secretion and promote development of hormone-dependent neoplasms, such as breast and ovarian cancer. The chemical has also potential to induce cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells. On the other hand, it contributes to apoptosis in Burkitt lymphoma-derived cells, which means that TCS can have antitumour properties. Conclusion.Triclosan is a commonly usean antimicrobial agent in medical and consumer care products. Due to its unclear impact on organisms, further studies are necessary regarding both the use of TCS as an antibacterial agent and possible harmful effects on the human body.

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Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the State Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism of action of triclosan as an endocrine-disrupting chemical with its impact on human health – literature review

Maksymowicz¹,

Machowiec²,

Ręka³

et al. 2021

J Pre Clin Clin Res.

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“…Data generated from the 16S rRNA V1-V2 region was processed and examined using the QIIME2 pipeline as described previously with DADA2 implemented [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. The resulting amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified using the Naïve-Bayes classifier that was trained on Green Genes database [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota Structure and Function by Two Structurally Different Lemon Pectins

Firrman

Mahalak

Bobokalonov

et al. 2022

Foods

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Pectins are plant polysaccharides consumed as part of a diet containing fruits and vegetables. Inside the gastrointestinal tract, pectin cannot be metabolized by the mammalian cells but is fermented by the gut microbiota in the colon with the subsequent release of end products including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The prebiotic effects of pectin have been previously evaluated but reports are inconsistent, most likely due to differences in the pectin chemical structure which can vary by molecular weight (MW) and degree of esterification (DE). Here, the effects of two different MW lemon pectins with varying DEs on the gut microbiota of two donors were evaluated in vitro. The results demonstrated that low MW, high DE lemon pectin (LMW-HDE) altered community structure in a donor-dependent manner, whereas high MW, low DE lemon pectin (HMW-LDE) increased taxa within Lachnospiraceae in both donors. LMW-HDE and HMW-LDE lemon pectins both increased total SCFAs (1.49- and 1.46-fold, respectively) and increased acetic acid by 1.64-fold. Additionally, LMW-HDE lemon pectin led to an average 1.41-fold increase in butanoic acid. Together, these data provide valuable information linking chemical structure of pectin to its effect on the gut microbiota structure and function, which is important to understanding its prebiotic potential.

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“…It was found that treatment with TCS significantly impacted the community structure in terms of reduced population, diversity, and metabolite production, most notably in the ascending colon region. However, after a two-week recovery period, most of the population levels, community structure, and diversity levels were recovered for all the colon regions [ 215 ]. The involvement of the gut microbiota is also related to colitis and colon cancer.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota and Microbiome Involvement In Tcs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Triclosan: A Small Molecule with Controversial Roles

et al. 2022

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Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has been widely used in personal care products, medical products, plastic cutting boards, and food storage containers. Colgate Total® toothpaste, containing 10 mM TCS, is effective in controlling biofilm formation and maintaining gingival health. Given its broad usage, TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Given its strong lipophilicity and accumulation ability in organisms, it is potentially harmful to biohealth. Several reports suggest the toxicity of this compound, which is inserted in the class of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In September 2016, TCS was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union in soap products. Despite these problems, its application in personal care products within certain limits is still allowed. Today, it is still unclear whether TCS is truly toxic to mammals and the adverse effects of continuous, long-term, and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Indeed, some recent reports suggest the use of TCS as a repositioned drug for cancer treatment and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this scenario it is necessary to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of TCS, to understand whether its use is advisable or not. This review intends to highlight the pros and cons that are associated with the use of TCS in humans.

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Triclosan has a robust, yet reversible impact on human gut microbial composition in vitro

Cited by 10 publications

References 46 publications

Mechanism of action of triclosan as an endocrine-disrupting chemical with its impact on human health – literature review

Mechanism of action of triclosan as an endocrine-disrupting chemical with its impact on human health – literature review

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota Structure and Function by Two Structurally Different Lemon Pectins

Triclosan: A Small Molecule with Controversial Roles

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