Trichophyton Tonsurans Infection Resistant to Griseofulvin

Michaelides, Paraskevas

doi:10.1001/archderm.1961.01580120100025

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…in 1961. [15] Antifungal resistance to azoles was first reported in 1980s to ketoconazole used in patients of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. [1316] Mukherjee et al .…”

Section: Antifungal Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal resistance in dermatology

2018

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Cutaneous fungal infections affect more than one-fourth of world's population. The pathogenesis and severity of fungal infection depend on various immunological and nonimmunological factors. The rampant use of antifungal therapy in immunocompromised individuals marked the onset of antifungal drug resistance. Fungal resistance can be microbiological or clinical. Microbiological resistance depends on various fungal factors which have established due to genetic alteration in the fungi. Clinical resistance is due to host- or drug-related factors. All these factors may cause fungal resistance individually or in tandem. In addition to standardized susceptibility testing and appropriate drug dosing, one of the ways to avoid resistance is the use of combinational antifungal therapy. Combination therapy also offers advantages in increased synergistic action with enhanced spectrum activity. Newer insights into mechanisms of drug resistance will help in the development of appropriate antifungal therapy.

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“…in 1961. [15] Antifungal resistance to azoles was first reported in 1980s to ketoconazole used in patients of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. [1316] Mukherjee et al .…”

Section: Antifungal Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal resistance in dermatology

2018

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“…Evidence has shown that some fungi have developed resistance to antifungal agents [63] [64]. The first AFR was reported in 1961 and involved the resistance of dermatophytes to griseofulvin [65]. Some of the mechanisms involved in the resistance of fungi to antifungals include a reduction in the intercellular concentration of the target enzyme, alteration in sterol biosynthesis, overexpression of the antifungal drug target, and alteration in drug target [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Burden of Fungal Infections and Antifungal Resistance from 1961 to 2024: Findings and Future Implications

Mudenda

2024

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Background: Antifungal resistance (AFR) is a global public health problem with devastating effects, especially among immunocompromised individuals. Addressing AFR requires a One Health approach including Antifungal Stewardship (AFS). This study aimed to comprehensively review global studies published on fungal infections and AFR and to recommend solutions to address this growing problem. Materials and Methods: This was a narrative review that was conducted using published papers on fungal infections, AFR, and AFS between January 1961 and March 2024. The literature was searched using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Results: This found that there has been an increase in fungal infections globally, especially among immunocompromised patients. Due to this increase in fungal infections, there has been a proportionate increase in the use of antifungal agents to prevent and treat fungal infections. This increased use of antifungal agents has worsened the problem of AFR contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Globally, fungal infections have contributed to 150 million infections annually and 1.7 million deaths per year. By the year 2023, over 3.8 million people died from fungal infections. Addressing AFR remains a challenge because the treatment of antifungal-resistant infections is difficult. Finally, the treatment of fungal infections is a global challenge exacerbated by the limited number of antifungal agents to treat invasive fungal infections. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that fungal infections and AFR are prevalent across humans, animals, agriculture, and the environment. Addressing this problem requires the provision of solutions such as improving the awareness of AFR, conducting further research on the discovery of new antifungal agents, and implementing AFS programs. If this global problem is not addressed, the morbidity and mortality associated with AFR will continue to rise in the future.How to cite this paper: Mudenda, S.

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“…The earliest attempt at correlating minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) with in vivo response was possibly by Artis et al (1981). [2] The study came after a few individual reports of lack of response to Griseofulvin (GRI) in infections by Trichophyton tonsurans [3] and Epidermophyton flocossum [4] with reported MICs of 10-20 μg/ml and 1.6-1.8 μg/ml (increased to 6.8-7.0 μg/ml later) respectively. Artis et al described 43 patients with tinea corporis/pedis/manuum who had failed GRI therapy.…”

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confidence: 99%