Tricalcium silicate-based cements: properties and modifications

Abstract

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been widely used for different reparative procedures in endodontics. The extensive use of this cement for pulp capping, apexifications, apical surgeries, and revascularization is related to its ability to induce tissue repair and to stimulate mineralization. Several research studies have tested modifications in the composition of MTA-based cements in order to enhance their clinical performance. Novel formulations have been introduced in the market with the aim of increasing flowability. Important properties such as appropriate radiopacity and setting time, color stability, alkaline pH, release of calcium ions, and biocompatibility have to be considered in these new formulations. The latest research studies on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of tricalcium silicate-based cements are discussed in this critical review.

Cytotoxicity and Mineralization Potential of Four Calcium Silicate-Based Cements on Human Gingiva-Derived Stem Cells

“…Calcium silicate-based cements are hydraulic materials consisting of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, and tricalcium aluminate [4,5]. The first tricalcium silicate-based cement was mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), which is a derivative of Portland cement.…”

Penetration of bioceramic and epoxy-resin endodontic cements into lateral canals

“…3,4,5,6 In this respect, previous works have shown that the AH Plus and Endosequence BC Sealer cements present adequate antimicrobial activity. 8,11 Thus, it may seem appropriate that part of the total bacteria and products were involved and trapped in the sealing materials, and a small part of them were forced against the lateral periodontium. The maintenance of unsealed micro-areas is difficult as they could be contaminated or re-contaminated, and would modify the prognosis of the treatment.…”

“…7 Root filling materials present certain properties, and antibacterial effectiveness is reported as an important biological characteristic that leads to fewer remnant microorganisms after root canal preparation. 8 Therefore, flowability is another fundamental physical property that allows the penetration of material into small spaces and irregularities.…”

“…The properties of bioceramic endodontic sealers have been studied and their clinical performance has been evaluated. These materials present favorable properties of radiopacity 9 , flow 9 , high calcium ion release, 8,9 alkaline pH, 8,9 low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, 10,11 and adequate antibacterial effectiveness. 11 Recently, a study demonstrated that the Endosequence BC Sealer indicated bioactivity, as hydroxyapatite was formed after setting of the material.…”

“…12 This characteristic is fundamental for its biological and physical-chemical properties. [8][9][10][11][12] AH Plus is an epoxy-based resin endodontic sealer that presents excellent physical-chemical properties including high radiopacity, 9 suitable flow 9 , and excellent bond strength with dentin. 12 Because infected lateral canals are a probable cause of failure of endodontic treatment, 2,4,5,6 the penetration of endodontic sealers into these ramifications may help in disinfection.…”