Triazole-induced toxicity in developing rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) embryos

Abstract

Using rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) at early-life stages as experimental models, the developmental toxicity of five widely used triazole fungicides (myclobutanil, fluconazole, flusilazole, triflumizole, and epoxiconazole) were investigated following exposure to 1-15 mg/L for 72 h. Meanwhile, morphological parameters (body length, body weight, and heart rate), enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE)), and mRNA levels (hsp70, mstn, mt, apaf1, vezf1, and cyp1a) were also recorded following exposure to 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/L for 72 h. Results indicated that increased malformation and mortality, decreased body length, body weight, and heart rate provide a concentration-dependent pattern; values of 72 h LC50 (median lethal concentration) and EC50 (median effective concentration) ranged from 3 to 12 mg/L. Most importantly, the results of the present study suggest that even at the lowest concentration, 0.2 mg/L, five triazole fungicides also caused notable changes in enzyme activities and mRNA levels. Overall, the present study points out that those five triazole fungicides are highly toxic to the early development of G. rarus embryos. The information presented in this study will be helpful in better understanding the toxicity induced by triazole fungicides in fish embryos.

Synergistic potential of fenvalerate and triadimefon on endocrine disruption and oxidative stress during rare minnow embryo development

“…Previous studies demonstrated that FEN or triazole fungicides could interfere with antioxidant defense system. Specifically, triazoles were shown to alter GST activities and enhance oxidative stress in rare minnow embryos . In the present study, the GST activity was decreased after FEN and TDF individual exposure, and significant increases were observed in the 5, 50 μg/L FEN + 100 μg/L TDF binary mixture groups during early exposure.…”

“…Vezf is an early embryonic development gene that expressed in yolk sac mesoderm . It was reported that hsp70 and vezf was contribute to abnormal development and their transcriptions could be disturbed during embryogenesis . Previous studies demonstrated that FEN or triazole fungicides caused malformations in different aquatic organism, and triazoles could decrease the vezf transcription in rare minnow embryos .…”

“…Furthermore, evidence showed that FEN could impair the oxidative‐DNA repair system, and induced alterations in SOD activity in zebrafish . In addition, exposure to triazoles could interfere with the transcription or the activities of antioxidant enzymes, leading to serious oxidative damage in fish . However, little is known regarding the synergistic potential of pyrethroids and azoles co‐exposure on oxidative stress and endocrine system.…”

Prenatal and infant exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder in children: population based case-control study

“…These substances included glyphosate,23242526 chlorpyrifos,927 diazinon,282930 acephate,313233 malathion,333435 permethrin,69 bifenthrin,93336 methyl bromide,3738 imidacloprid,3940 avermectin,4142 and myclobutanil 1443…”

The Use of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to Evaluate the Adverse Effects of Epoxiconazole Exposure on Spermatogenesis

“…133855-98-8) is a commonly used member of the triazole class of plant protection products, and its environmental residue in water has been detected at concentrations up to 7.7 μg/L [1]. Previous studies have suggested that epoxiconazole is associated with renal diabetes, cardiovascular disease [2,3], and an increased risk of development toxicity [4,5]. In addition, epoxiconazole exposure alters reproductive parameters including copulation, fertilization, and gestational length and causes androgens disorders [2,6], demonstrating that epoxiconazole acts as a male reproductive toxicant [7,8].…”