Synergistic potential of fenvalerate and triadimefon on endocrine disruption and oxidative stress during rare minnow embryo development

Abstract

Pyrethroids have been reported to interact synergistically when co-exposed with azoles fungicides in different organisms. In the present study, we investigated the mixture toxicity of fenvalerate (FEN) and triadimefon (TDF) toward embryos of Gobiocypris rarus after 96 h exposure. Results demonstrated that TDF enhanced the acute toxicity of FEN. Exposure to binary mixtures of FEN and TDF resulted in synergistic responses of endocrine disruption by inducing the transcripts of several genes including vtg, erα, erβ1, erβ2, cyp19a, cyp1a, cyp4, cyp11a, gnrh3, gnrhr1a, star, and dmrt1. Furthermore, FEN and TDF mixture increased the VTG level and aromatase activity in rare minnow embryos. FEN and TDF co-exposure also regulated the mRNA of vezf, hsp70, p53, gadd45α, induced the synthesis of ROS and activity of GST, suggesting the synergistic potential of oxidative stress induced by FEN and TDF co-exposure. The results indicated that binary mixtures of FEN and TDF could simultaneously induce endocrine disruption and oxidative stress in a synergistic manner during rare minnow embryo development.

Early Developmental Stress Affects Subsequent Gene Expression Response to an Acute Stress in Atlantic Salmon: An Approach for Creating Robust Fish for Aquaculture?

“…This defense mechanism is activated in the earliest developmental stages of fish ( e.g. , Wu et al 2018). Expression of hsp70 was more than onefold down-regulated 3 hr after acute shock in EPH treated fish (but not in fish of the other treatments) and 3′UTR regions 200 kb up- and down-stream showed increased DNA methylation with EPH treatment.…”

Triadimefon in Aquatic Environments: Occurrence, Fate, Toxicity and Risk

“…A review of the last 20 years of research found that triadimefon can affect species by causing multiple toxic effects on the thyroid, reproduction system, liver, nervous system as well as carcinogenicity and teratogenicity [12,16,20,62]. Furthermore, synergistic effects with other pesticides were also observed [13,63,64]. In this study, effects and mechanisms of action and toxic potencies of triadimefon have been summarized.…”

“…Per uorooctanoic Acid, which can be present in some formulations, signi cantly increased toxic potency of triadimefon [64]. The 96-h exposure of rare minnow to a mixture of fenvalerate (0.288 mg/L) and triadimefon (6.44 mg/L) illustrated that the two chemicals can interact to cause acute toxicity, endocrine disruption, and oxidative stress during rare minnow embryo development at lesser doses [13].…”

“…In 2006, the European Union (EU) included triadimefon and transformation products on the list of pesticides with endocrine-reproductive interference toxicity [10]. It is controversial whether triadimefon is an endocrine disruptor or not, but most studies showed that triadimefon caused endocrine disrupting effects and could affect the balance of hormones in bodies of animals [11][12][13]. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and World Wildlife Fund (WWF), triadimefon was an estrogen receptor agonist, which had certain effects on estrogen in vitro.…”

“…Regardless, its potential toxic potencies cannot be ignored. Results of several studies have demonstrated that triadimefon affected development [12,14,15], reproduction [16,17] of organisms and caused neurotoxicity [18], hepatotoxicity [19], cardiovascular toxicity [20] and oxidative stress [11,13]. In addition, triadimefon resulted in malformations of branchial arches in developing amphibians [21] and zebra sh (Danio rerio) or adversely affected development of embryos of mammals [22].…”