Triangulating a Cognitive Control Network Using Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI

Aron, Adam R.; Behrens, Timothy E.J.; Smith, Stephen M.; Frank, Michael J.; Poldrack, Russell A.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0519-07.2007

Cited by 876 publications

(976 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The right IFG may make a direct contribution via its connections with subcortical motor areas such as the subthalamic nucleus (Aron et al, 2007). Or, it may make an indirect contribution by signaling the presence of infrequent relevant stimuli to the dorsal attention network and other control regions (Doricchi et al, 2010;Shulman et al, 2009) which, in turn, inhibit responses that are no longer relevant (Sharp et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional connectivity: eigenimages and multivariate analyses

Friston¹,

Büchel²

2007

Statistical Parametric Mapping

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oTo enable unexpected shifts of covert visual spatial attention, a ventral attention network is thought to dampen activity in a dorsal attention network that maintains the current focus of attention. However, direct evidence to support this view is scarce. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis by asking healthy young adults to perform a covert visual spatial attention task while their brain activity was recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In each trial, participants discriminated the orientation of a target-colored letter in the cued visual field (valid trials) or, occasionally, in the uncued visual field (invalid trials). Consistent with prior work, the ventral attention network was more active in invalid trials than in valid trials. Most importantly, functional connectivity analyses revealed that an increase of activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (a key region of the ventral attention network) was linked to smaller increases of activity in (a) the right inferior parietal lobe (a key region of the dorsal attention network) and (b) the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (other regions enabling the control of attention) in invalid trials, relative to valid trials. These findings provide novel support for the view that key regions of the ventral attention network help to enable unexpected shifts of covert visual spatial attention by dampening activity in brain regions that participate in maintaining the current focus of attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional connectivity: eigenimages and multivariate analyses

Friston¹,

Büchel²

2007

Statistical Parametric Mapping

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“…The rIFG is part of a putative inhibition network, connected via a direct pathway with the subthalamic nucleus (STN), both of which are connected with the pre-SMA (Aron, 2007). Aron et al (2007) propose that the rIFG implements inhibition at a neural level by activating the STN, which activates the globus pallidus, resulting in thalamo-motorcortical inhibition. The pre-SMA could have a conflict monitoring function or implement neural inhibition directly via the STN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Marciani

Spiller

Gowland

et al. 2012

Textbook of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

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a b s t r a c tThe stop-signal task has been used extensively to investigate the neural correlates of inhibition deficits in children with ADHD. However, previous findings of atypical brain activation during the stop-signal task in children with ADHD may be confounded with attentional processes, precluding strong conclusions on the nature of these deficits. In addition, there are recent concerns on the construct validity of the SSRT metric. The aim of this study was to control for confounding factors and improve the specificity of the stop-signal task to investigate inhibition mechanisms in children with ADHD. FMRI was used to measure inhibition related brain activation in 17 typically developing children (TD) and 21 children with ADHD, using a highly controlled version of the stop-signal task. Successful inhibition trials were contrasted with control trials that were comparable in frequency, visual presentation and absence of motor response. We found reduced brain activation in children with ADHD in key inhibition areas, including the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula, and anterior cingulate/dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. Using a more stringent controlled design, this study replicated and specified previous findings of atypical brain activation in ADHD during motor response inhibition.

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“…It is thought that response inhibition is substantiated via the recruitment of the fronto-striatal circuits (Aron et al 2007), a network of connections between the prefrontal cortex and the striatal system (the brain's reward network). This system constitutes a bidirectional system of initiation of behavior and impulse control with regions in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex.…”

Section: Overlapping Neural Correlates Of Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system constitutes a bidirectional system of initiation of behavior and impulse control with regions in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex. Deficits in impulse control are associated with low activity in the right PFC (Aron et al 2004) and diminished PFC connections with the striatal system (Aron et al 2007), suggesting the importance of the PFC's role in mediating and stopping impulsive behaviors. Moreover, deficits in the striatal system due to conditions like Parkinson's disease restrict functioning of the PFC and result in poor performance on inhibitory tasks (Middleton and Strick 2001).…”

Section: Overlapping Neural Correlates Of Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That we can monitor our own thoughts and biases and consider alternative choices, particularly potential errors in our thoughts and action, places EF at the forefront of our ability to think and act rationally. Failures or difficulties in applying our inhibitory control lead to impulsivity and, on a clinical scale, to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (Aron et al 2007). Developmentally, inhibitory control does not peak until well into adolescence, often in the later stages (Casey et al 2005;Luna et al 2004), which is consistent with the development of critical-analytic thinking skills.…”

Section: Executive Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role and Sources of Individual Differences in Critical-Analytic Thinking: a Capsule Overview

et al. 2014

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Critical-analytic thinking is typically conceived as a meta-construct that arises at the junction of a problem state (i.e., a situation that requires analysis that challenges previous assumptions) and an individual (i.e., an entity with the capacity to exercise critical-analytic thinking). With regard to the latter, there is a substantial body of research focusing on developmental and educational prerequisites for critical-analytic thinking. A less studied aspect of critical-analytic thinking pertains to individual differences, particularly in the set of foundational or componential cognitive skills that embody this construct. The bottom line here is whether, all else being equal (i.e., the same situation and the same developmental/ educational stage), there is variation in whether, when, and how people think critically/ analytically. We argue that there is unequivocal evidence for both the existence and importance of individual differences in critical-analytic thinking. This review focuses on theoretical and empirical evidence, identifying the cognitive processes that serve as the sources of these individual differences and capturing these processes' differential contributions to both the critical and analytic components of this construct.Keywords Critical analytic thinking . Neurocognitive mechanisms . Fluid reasoning . Executive function . Genetic factors . Environmental factors For better or for worse, people differ. The number of dimensions on which they differ is endless; one such dimension is the way they think. Here we are interested in surveying both the presentation and sources of individual differences in critical-analytic thinking. Whereas Educ Psychol Rev (2014) what critical-analytic thinking is, the construct is ill-defined and this has been a source of constant debate. Although the debate has swung from a notion of the skills and capacities necessary for critical-analytic thinking to one of disposition toward truth-seeking (Burbules and Berk 1999), the former provides for analysis and the measurement a set of requisite cognitive processes to unpack, with respect to variability in performance in situations and on tasks requiring critical-analytic thinking. As critical-analytic thinking occurs so naturally for some, yet so painfully arduous for others, it is likely that this type of thinking embeds a "vast variety of cognitive skills" (Lipman 1988) that must be orchestrated together, both developmentally as a capacity, and concurrently, as an act. Thus, both the skills and the way they are combined generate a source of individual differences. The intent of this review is to provide an understanding of how variations in several core neurocognitive systems, stemming from genetic and environmental sources, lead to differences in the capacity for and competency in critical-analytic thinking.Critical-analytic thinking involves the ability to overcome one's own biases by decontextualizing an argument (the critical component) and evaluating it rationally (the analytic component), rather than lo...

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Triangulating a Cognitive Control Network Using Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI

Cited by 876 publications

References 63 publications

Functional connectivity: eigenimages and multivariate analyses

Functional connectivity: eigenimages and multivariate analyses

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The Role and Sources of Individual Differences in Critical-Analytic Thinking: a Capsule Overview

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