Trials and tribulations of skin iontophoresis in therapeutics

Abstract

Iontophoresis is a method of non-invasive transdermal drug delivery based on the transfer of charged molecules using a low-intensity electric current. Both local and systemic administration are possible; however, the skin pharmacokinetics of iontophoretically delivered drugs is complex and difficult to anticipate. The unquestionable theoretical advantages of the technique make it attractive in several potential applications. After a brief review of the factors influencing iontophoresis, we detail the current applications of iontophoresis in therapeutics and the main potential applications under investigation, including systemic and topical drugs and focusing on the treatment of scleroderma-related ulcerations. Finally, we address the issue of safety, which could be a limitation to the routine clinical use of iontophoresis.

Recent advances in ultrasound-based transdermal drug delivery

“…41 An additional investigated electrical percutaneous delivery technique is iontophoresis (IP), which uses weaker electric currents than that used in EP. 42 IP permits transdermal drug delivery though the manipulation of ions. This occurs through processes called electromigration and electro-osmosis.…”

Vascular responses of the extremities to transdermal application of vasoactive agents in Caucasian and African descent individuals

“…Participants attended the laboratory on three occasions separated by at least 24 hours where they received local transdermal application of either ACh, SNP or NA using iontophoresis in a balanced order. The technique of iontophoresis has been described previously (Morris and Shore 1996;Roustit et al 2014). Briefly, iontophoresis is a non-invasive method of transdermal drug delivery which transfers charged molecules using a low-intensity electric current into and through the skin to a depth of approximately 2 to 4 mm (Anderson et al 2003).…”

Diagnosis and management of hyperhidrosis

“…The mode of action in hyperhidrosis is unclear, although understanding is evolving. 27 Despite a relatively weak evidence base and a lack of long term data, many guidelines recommend its use. 17 Each palm or sole is placed in a small tray filled with tap water, through which a current of 15-20 mA is run.…”