Trial by trial effects in the antisaccade task

Tatler, Benjamin W.; Hutton, Samuel B.

doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0799-6

Cited by 34 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Performance in an antisaccade task has shown that people are better prepared to make rightward saccades, which are performed faster and with fewer errors (Evdokimidis et al, 2002;Tatler & Hutton, 2007). This asymmetry may be a result of a learned behavior, since it is consistent with the findings of Abed (1991) comparing the directions of saccades when looking at simple dot patterns in Western, Middle Eastern, and East Asian participants.…”

supporting

confidence: 54%

Flipping the stimulus: Effects on scanpath coherence?

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In experiments investigating dynamic tasks, it is often useful to examine eye movement scan patterns. We can present trials repeatedly and compute within-subjects/conditions similarity in order to distinguish between signal and noise in gaze data. To avoid obvious repetitions of trials, filler trials must be added to the experimental protocol, resulting in long experiments. Alternatively, trials can be modified to reduce the chances that the participant will notice the repetition, while avoiding significant changes in the scan patterns. In tasks in which the stimuli can be geometrically transformed without any loss of meaning, flipping the stimuli around either of the axes represents a candidate modification. In this study, we examined whether flipping of stimulus object trajectories around the x-and y-axes resulted in comparable scan patterns in a multiple object tracking task. We developed two new strategies for the statistical comparison of similarity between two groups of scan patterns, and then tested those strategies on artificial data. Our results suggest that although the scan patterns in flipped trials differ significantly from those in the original trials, this difference is small (as little as a 13 % increase of overall distance). Therefore, researchers could use geometric transformations to test more complex hypotheses regarding scan pattern coherence while retaining the same duration for experiments.Keywords Eye movements . Scanpath . Group similarity . Correlation distanceIn natural tasks, humans direct their eyes toward objects of interest to make the best use of the high acuity vision in the fovea. Many factors influence eye movements. However, it is possible to get consistent scan patterns and, therefore, to separate signal from noise if the stimuli are presented repeatedly. However, repetition introduces the risk that the participants will recognize the repeated scenes and alter their gaze behavior. In many tasks, repeated presentation of the same scene is undesirable, because some subjects will recognize the scene and examine previously unexplored areas, encode additional details, and/or find targets more efficiently on the basis of their previous experience. Dorr, Martinetz, Gegenfurtner, and Barth (2010) compared the variability of eye movements during free viewing of dynamic natural scenes and found that whereas between-subjects coherence was maximal at the first presentation of the movie, it decreased during later presentations throughout the day. Dorr et al. suggested that this decrease in the between-subjects coherence was caused by a rising influence of individual viewing strategies. Gaze patterns are even affected when the stimulus is not explicitly recognized. In studies on contextual cueing, Chun and Jiang (1998) showed that people implicitly learn the positions of targets over time, which then results in shorter response times.One way to decrease the chance that participants will recognize the repetition is to increase the number of filler trials. The disadvantage of this a...

show abstract

supporting

confidence: 54%

Flipping the stimulus: Effects on scanpath coherence?

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On the other hand, benefit of trial repetition in saccade performance may be a result of early accumulation of baseline activity for a particular saccadic type program (Dorris et al 2000;Tatler and Hutton 2007). In experiment 1, we tested whether our findings from the A80P20 block could have been driven by a combination of task-repetition priming and task-switching cost, which should facilitate high-probability antisaccades and impede low-probability prosaccades, respectively.…”

Section: Trial Type Probability Is Not Repetition Primingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trial type probability modulates the cost of antisaccades

Chiau

Tseng

et al. 2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chiau HY, Tseng P, Su JH, Tzeng OJ, Hung DL, Muggleton NG, Juan CH. Trial type probability modulates the cost of antisaccades. J Neurophysiol 106: 515-526, 2011. First published May 4, 2011 doi:10.1152/jn.00399.2010The antisaccade task, where eye movements are made away from a target, has been used to investigate the flexibility of cognitive control of behavior. Antisaccades usually have longer saccade latencies than prosaccades, the so-called antisaccade cost. Recent studies have shown that this antisaccade cost can be modulated by event probability. This may mean that the antisaccade cost can be reduced, or even reversed, if the probability of surrounding events favors the execution of antisaccades. The probabilities of prosaccades and antisaccades were systematically manipulated by changing the proportion of a certain type of trial in an interleaved pro/antisaccades task. We aimed to disentangle the intertwined relationship between trial type probabilities and the antisaccade cost with the ultimate goal of elucidating how probabilities of trial types modulate human flexible behaviors, as well as the characteristics of such modulation effects. To this end, we examined whether implicit trial type probability can influence saccade latencies and also manipulated the difficulty of cue discriminability to see how effects of trial type probability would change when the demand on visual perceptual analysis was high or low. A mixed-effects model was applied to the analysis to dissect the factors contributing to the modulation effects of trial type probabilities. Our results suggest that the trial type probability is one robust determinant of antisaccade cost. These findings highlight the importance of implicit probability in the flexibility of cognitive control of behavior.saccade; visual attention; voluntary control IN THE EVER-CHANGING WORLD, probabilistic information relating to the surrounding environment is actively utilized by individuals to adapt their behaviors flexibly to achieve their goals. The saccadic eye movement system is an excellent model for studying the flexibility of human behavior because it is conducive to measurement in the laboratory and has been well characterized on a neurophysiological basis (Hutton 2008;Munoz and Everling 2004). The effects of prior probabilistic information on saccadic performance have been well documented. For example, gaze is directed to specific locations faster when they represent higher likelihoods of target presence based on past experience (e.g., Carpenter and Williams 1995;Gmeindl et al. 2005;Liu et al. 2010;Miller 1988;Milstein and Dorris 2007; for recent reviews see Angelaki et al. 2009;Summerfield and Egner 2009). Most importantly, this utilization of probabilistic information is not constrained at the simple stimulus-and-response level, because it can also be observed when the task requires visual analysis and response selection. Recently, Liu et al. (2010) used a central cue to indicate to participants whether they should saccade to (prosaccade) or away from ...

show abstract

“…a saccade directed in opposite direction of the required landing point) occur very infrequently in prosaccade trials (Ettinger et al, 2003(Ettinger et al, , 2005Smyrnis et al, 2002;Tatler and Hutton, 2007). Furthermore, the spatial goal of the saccade is not directly mapped on the sensory stimulus but has to be computed by inverting the initial stimulus vector by 180°, making the required stimulus response mapping spatially more complex than in standard prosaccades (Domagalik et al, 2012;Munoz and Everling, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%