Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors across Educational Level in the 1995–2005 Period

Trends in cardiovascular risk factors across levels of education in a general population: is the educational gap increasing? The Tromsø study 1994–2008

“…The estimate is an increase in BMI in western Europe of 0.4–0.5 kg/m 2 per decade, with substantial differences across regions and sexes 30. We observed a considerable increase in BMI in all educational groups, and an inverse relationship between SES and being overweight as in other studies 11 13 14 31. In women, the inverse relationship between the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ) and educational level was attenuated from 1994–1995 to 2007–2008.…”

Trends of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in rural areas of northern China during 1991–2011

“…In fact, our study documents a rising rate of hypertension in rural areas from 1991 to 2011, representing a stunning reversal of the continuously declining trend seen in Western countries. 19,20 The prevalence of hypertension in women aged 35-44 years was 39.9% in 2011, the highest prevalence yet reported for this disease, 11,16 and in fact, three-times higher than any rate previously reported in China. 12 These large numbers and high rates of hypertension in young women highlight the need for prevention activities that target this age group.…”

“…27 However, the trends for prevalence of hypertension in developing countries have not been established to date. 19,28 Given the large health burden of cardiovascular diseases in China, which accounted for approximately 38% of the total mortality in 2010, there is an urgent need to develop public health strategies to prevent the rapid increase of hypertension prevalence, and increase the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension. 29 Thus, this study provides first-line information in China, the world's most populated country, and indicates the pressing need for primary prevention of hypertension.…”

Cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle, and social determinants: a cross-sectional population study

“…Other studies in Spain also show an inverse relationship between the level of education and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and life habits related to cardiovascular risk factors. 38 In addition, in Spain there is an inverse relationship between obesity and some socioeconomic indices, such as those relating to level of education or income. 39 This trend is stronger in females, which is also suggested by the findings of this study after adjustments by employment status and age (Table 3).…”