“…Extreme precipitation has a profound impact on society, property, and human welfare around the world (Easterling et al, 2000;Greenough et al, 2001;Véronique et al, 2014;Xia et al, 2015) and can result in deadly and destructive natural disasters (Plummer et al, 1999;Jonkman, 2005;Potop et al, 2014). The North China Plain (NCP; 32°-40.5°N, 115°-121°E) is a politically and economically key region with a dense population and substantial grain production.…”