Trends in the chemical industry

Ketonization of long chain esters from transesterification of technical waste fats

“…From the technical and ecological perspective the suggestion of ketonization of fatty acid esters satis®es modern process requirements and the strategy of ecodevelopment; 13 it enables rational management of the harmful, extensive and renewable raw material source, waste technical fats. Vegetable and animal fatty wastes can be transformed into esters of fatty acids by esteri®cation and transesteri®cation technology.…”

Development of Industrial Solid Catalysts

“…Expert systems or knowledge-based systems [23,24] are computer programs which provide knowledge about a specific domain in order to derive new conclusions. These conclusions are on the level of human experts in this field, but can be made much faster and without personal impact.…”

“…However, the original euphoric optimism about the power of such systems is now considered more realistically. Expert systems should be regarded as data banks which are expensive to keep up to date and which have a relatively poor predictive power [24].…”

“…The molecular design or molecular modeling procedures [8,19,24,25] are based on theoretical knowledge and control of the crucial structure and chemical properties of solid catalysts and corresponding reactants on an atomic or molecular level. Major innovations in surface science, solid-state chemistry and reaction engineering substantially contributed to the more precise computer modeling.…”

“…Major innovations in surface science, solid-state chemistry and reaction engineering substantially contributed to the more precise computer modeling. Various zeolites, molecular sieves or heteropoly acids are providing the best opportunity for molecular design, since the three-dimensional structure is known from diffraction studies [24].…”