Development of Industrial Solid Catalysts

Kochloefl, Karl

doi:10.1002/1521-4125(200103)24:3<229::aid-ceat229>3.0.co;2-4

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The pathway to develop an optimum catalyst starts with screening of prepared catalysts by chemical and physical characterization and evaluation of catalytic properties . If the desired results are not achieved, then samples with modified properties are prepared and the screening procedure is repeated until a promising catalyst is found.…”

Section: Reactors For Screening Of Exploratory Catalyst Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Hydroprocessing CatalystsA Review of Experimental Techniques

Bej

2002

Energy Fuels

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The selection of an appropriate reactor for hydroprocessing catalysis research primarily depends on the type of information to be generated, the reliability and reproducibility of the information required, and the cost involved to generate such information. In this article, the various reactors and approaches that have been used at different stages of hydroprocessing catalysis research and process development are reviewed. With the development of the dilution technique, substantial progress has taken place in reducing the size of reactor used for hydroprocessing process development studies. This has decreased the cost of catalyst evaluation as well as increased the operating safety. However, the selection of an appropriate size of diluent is very important. Studies comparing the differences in the behavior between up-flow and down-flow modes of operation of a fixed bed reactor are analyzed. An attempt has been made to provide guidelines for selecting the appropriate reactor and methodology to evaluate hydroprocessing catalysts. Reactors that are commonly used for the kinetic studies of hydroprocessing reactions are also reviewed in this article.

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Section: Reactors For Screening Of Exploratory Catalyst Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Hydroprocessing CatalystsA Review of Experimental Techniques

Bej

2002

Energy Fuels

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“…However, there exist some shortages like limited catalyst solubility and the tremendous loss of precipitated noble metals. Moreover, methanol is produced from non-renewable syngas [13][14][15]. Ethylene oxidation has by-products [16] such as acetaldehyde and CO 2 , and the recovery of the unreacted ethylene is difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts

Kang

Zhang

2020

Catalysts

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Glucose and fructose are widely available and renewable resources. They were used to prepare acetic acid (AA) under the catalysis of potassium acetate (KAc) by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The TGA result showed that the KAc addition lowered the glucose’s thermal decomposition temperatures (about 30 °C for initial decomposition temperature and 40 °C for maximum mass loss rate temperature), implying its promotion of glucose’s decomposition. The Py-GC/MS tests illustrated that the KAc addition significantly altered the composition and distribution of hexose pyrolysis products. The maximum yield of AA was 52.1% for the in situ catalytic pyrolysis of glucose/KAc (1:0.25 wt/wt) mixtures at 350 °C for 30 s. Under the same conditions, the AA yield obtained from fructose was 48% and it increased with the increasing amount of KAc. When the ratio reached to 1:1, the yield was 53.6%. In comparison, a study of in situ and on-line catalytic methods showed that KAc can not only catalyze the primary cracking of glucose, but also catalyze the cracking of a secondary pyrolysis stream. KAc plays roles in both physical heat transfer and chemical catalysis.

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“…Heterogeneous catalysts typically used in the industrial processes include those composed of mixtures of CuO, ZnO, and Al 2 O 3 . 4 Interest has developed recently in the kinetics of the WGSR in the single-phase hydrothermal environment, in which the density of H 2 O is much higher than that of steam, [5][6][7][8][9][10] and is driven primarily by the use of supercritical water oxidation to denature organic compounds in waste streams. Kinetic measurements of the rate of the uncatalyzed, homogeneous, forward reaction 1 have been reported at temperatures in the range of 380-600 °C, which is above the critical temperature of H 2 O (374 °C), and at pressures in the range of 2-60 MPa, which includes the critical pressure (22.1 MPa).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ni(CO) 4 was detected only in a narrow range of operating conditions, but the estimated concentration of this extremely toxic product greatly exceeds the toxic limit of about 50 ppb. Ni(CO) 4 would not have been detected and could result in inadvertent operator exposure had not real-time detection been employed for this work. Researchers must be aware of the potential formation of Ni(CO) 4 with the use of nickelcontaining reaction vessels operating under similar conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions 17. Kinetics of the Surface-Catalyzed Water−Gas Shift Reaction with Inadvertent Formation of Ni(CO)₄

Miksa

Brill

2001

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The rate constants and Arrhenius parameters for the reaction of CO in H 2 O were determined at 230-270 °C and 27.4 MPa by the use of a titanium flow reactor with real-time detection by infrared spectroscopy through sapphire windows. These rate measurements appear to be the first below the critical temperature of water. The zeroth-order kinetics model produced an Arrhenius activation energy of 32 ( 3 kcal/mol, which is in the range of previously reported values at higher temperatures, but the preexponential factor [ln(A, mol kg -1 s -1 )] of 20.5 is much larger. The higher overall reaction rate is consistent with heterogeneous catalysis by the reactor surfaces considering (1) the zeroth-order kinetics, (2) the high A factor, (3) the activation energy in the range for the water-catalyzed reactions, and (4) the previously determined dependence of the decomposition rate of the putative formic acid intermediate on the metal used to construct the cell. Extremely toxic Ni(CO) 4 was observed to form as a result of extraction of Ni from slightly corroded 316 stainless steel tubes that connected the cell/reactor to the flow control system. Ni(CO) 4 formed under somewhat limited conditions, but its occurrence forewarns of the potential hazard of hydrothermal processing when a high CO concentration might be present in a nickelcontaining reaction vessel.

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Development of Industrial Solid Catalysts

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Performance Evaluation of Hydroprocessing CatalystsA Review of Experimental Techniques

Performance Evaluation of Hydroprocessing CatalystsA Review of Experimental Techniques

Selective Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts

Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions 17. Kinetics of the Surface-Catalyzed Water−Gas Shift Reaction with Inadvertent Formation of Ni(CO)₄

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Development of Industrial Solid Catalysts

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Performance Evaluation of Hydroprocessing CatalystsA Review of Experimental Techniques

Performance Evaluation of Hydroprocessing CatalystsA Review of Experimental Techniques

Selective Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts

Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions 17. Kinetics of the Surface-Catalyzed Water−Gas Shift Reaction with Inadvertent Formation of Ni(CO)4

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Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions 17. Kinetics of the Surface-Catalyzed Water−Gas Shift Reaction with Inadvertent Formation of Ni(CO)₄