Trends in pCO2 and sea–air CO2 flux over the global open oceans for the last two decades

Iida, Yosuke; Kojima, Atsushi; Takatani, Yusuke; Nakano, Toshiya; Sugimoto, Hiroyuki; Midorikawa, Takashi; Ishii, Masayoshi

doi:10.1007/s10872-015-0306-4

Cited by 72 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…The studies interpolate sparse pCO 2 data from a SOCAT or LDEO synthesis product in time and space by a gap-filling method. Approaches include statistical interpolation Goddijn-Murphy et al, 2015;, multiple linear regression Signorini et al, 2013;Iida et al, 2015), neural network approaches Nakaoka et al, 2013;Sasse et al, 2013;Zeng et al, 2014) and model-based regression and tuning (Valsala and Maksyutov, 2010;Majkut et al, 2014b). Mapping methods may be specific to individual regions ("biomes") (Signorini et al, 2013;Landschützer et al, 2014) or may apply to the full (global) domain (e.g.…”

Section: Scientific Applications Of Socatmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)

Bakker

Pfeil

Landa

et al. 2016

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

5,798

394

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A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water f CO 2 has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. Highprofile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection Sabine et al., 2013;Bakker et al., 2014). Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770. The gridded products are available here:

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Section: Scientific Applications Of Socatmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)

Bakker

Pfeil

Landa

et al. 2016

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

5,798

394

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Under such conditions, the direct thermal and pH influences on Mg/Ca may work in partial opposition, theoretically resulting in lower Mg/Ca variance. Total variability in sea surface pH ranges from ~0.01 to 0.03 pH units for our core‐top locations, with maximum variance in the cold tongue east of Galapagos (Iida et al, ; Takatani et al, ). In terms of Mg/Ca, this pH variability should have a much smaller impact than temperature, but it also implies that pH and temperature are not strongly additive in the equatorial Pacific.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Investigating ENSO‐Related Temperature Variability in Equatorial Pacific Core‐Tops Using Mg/Ca in Individual Planktic Foraminifera

Rongstad

Marchitto

Marks

et al. 2020

Paleoceanog and Paleoclimatol

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El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest source of interannual climate variability on Earth today; however, future ENSO remains difficult to predict. Evaluation of paleo‐ENSO may help improve our basic understanding of the phenomenon and help resolve discrepancies among models tasked with simulating future climate. Individual foraminifera analysis allows continuous down‐core records of ENSO‐related temperature variability through the construction and comparison of paleotemperature distributions; however, there has been little focus on calibrating this technique to modern conditions. Here, we present data from individual measurements of Mg/Ca in two species of planktic foraminifera, surface dwelling Globigerinoides ruber and thermocline dwelling Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, from nine core tops across the equatorial Pacific (n ≈ 70 per core for each species). Population variance, kernel probability density functions, and quantile‐quantile analyses are used to evaluate the shape of each Mg/Ca‐temperature distribution and to compare them to modern conditions using monthly temperatures from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation. We show that populations of individual Mg/Ca measurements in both G. ruber and N. dutertrei reflect site‐specific temperature distribution shapes and variances across the equatorial Pacific when accounting for regional differences in depth habitats. Individual measurements of both taxa capture zonal increases in population variance from the western equatorial Pacific to the central equatorial Pacific and a spatially heterogeneous eastern equatorial Pacific, consistent with modern conditions. Lastly, we show that populations of individual Mg/Ca measurements are able to recover meaningful differences in temperature variability between sites within the eastern equatorial Pacific, lending support to this tool's application for paleo‐ENSO reconstructions.

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“…For the prior ocean fluxes, we use sea-air exchange data based on shipboard pCO 2 measurements calculated by Japan Meteorological Agency (Iida et al, 2015), which are slightly modified by replacing the undefined fluxes in marginal seas with the fluxes from Takahashi et al (2009).…”

Section: True and Prior Flux Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…x represents the flux differences between VISIT NBP and the modified CASA NEP for land, and between Iida et al (2015) and Takahashi et al (2009) for ocean. To construct the diagonal elements of B, the x is scaled for specified global land and ocean total values as…”

Section: Prior Error Covariancementioning

confidence: 99%

A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 2: Optimization scheme and identical twin experiment of atmospheric CO2 inversion

et al. 2017

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Abstract. A four-dimensional variational method (4D-Var) is a popular technique for source/sink inversions of atmospheric constituents, but it is not without problems. Using an icosahedral grid transport model and the 4D-Var method, a new atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) inversion system has been developed. The system combines offline forward and adjoint models with a quasi-Newton optimization scheme. The new approach is then used to conduct identical twin experiments to investigate optimal system settings for an atmospheric CO 2 inversion problem, and to demonstrate the validity of the new inversion system. In this paper, the inversion problem is simplified by assuming the prior flux errors to be reasonably well known and by designing the prior error correlations with a simple function as a first step. It is found that a system of forward and adjoint models with smaller model errors but with nonlinearity has comparable optimization performance to that of another system that conserves linearity with an exact adjoint relationship. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the prior error correlations is demonstrated, as the global error is reduced by about 15 % by adding prior error correlations that are simply designed when 65 weekly flask sampling observations at ground-based stations are used. With the optimal setting, the new inversion system successfully reproduces the spatiotemporal variations of the surface fluxes, from regional (such as biomass burning) to global scales. The optimization algorithm introduced in the new system does not require decomposition of a matrix that establishes the correlation among the prior flux errors. This enables us to design the prior error covariance matrix more freely.

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Trends in pCO2 and sea–air CO2 flux over the global open oceans for the last two decades

Abstract: estimates of CO 2 flux are sensitive to the rates of pCO 2 s increase used to constrain the long-term pCO 2 s change for each sub-region.

Cited by 72 publications

References 78 publications

A multi-decade record of high-quality <i>f</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

A multi-decade record of high-quality <i>f</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

Investigating ENSO‐Related Temperature Variability in Equatorial Pacific Core‐Tops Using Mg/Ca in Individual Planktic Foraminifera

A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 2: Optimization scheme and identical twin experiment of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> inversion

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Trends in pCO2 and sea–air CO2 flux over the global open oceans for the last two decades

Abstract: estimates of CO 2 flux are sensitive to the rates of pCO 2 s increase used to constrain the long-term pCO 2 s change for each sub-region.

Cited by 72 publications

References 78 publications

A multi-decade record of high-quality &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Atlas (SOCAT)

A multi-decade record of high-quality &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Atlas (SOCAT)

Investigating ENSO‐Related Temperature Variability in Equatorial Pacific Core‐Tops Using Mg/Ca in Individual Planktic Foraminifera

A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 2: Optimization scheme and identical twin experiment of atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; inversion

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A multi-decade record of high-quality <i>f</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

A multi-decade record of high-quality <i>f</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Atlas (SOCAT)

A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 2: Optimization scheme and identical twin experiment of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> inversion