Trends in Encephalitis-Associated Deaths in the United States, 1999-2008

Tack, Danielle M.; Holman, Robert C.; Folkema, Arianne M.; Mehal, Jason M.; Blanton, Jesse D.; Sejvar, James J.

doi:10.1159/000362688

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Late onset neonatal sepsis often presents as neonatal meningitis, which is inflammatory response cerebrospinal fluid and pia-arachnoid infection. High clinical suspicion, prompt diagnosis, immediate institution of therapy and early recognition and management of complications can make a huge difference in the neurological outcome as well as decreased mortality (1). Clinically it can be challenging to evaluate the severity, exact location, and degree of insult to the brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal cranial sonography: ultrasound findings in neonatal meningitis—a pictorial review

Gupta

Grover

Bansal

et al. 2017

Quant. Imaging Med. Surg.

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Neonatal bacterial meningitis is a common manifestation of late onset neonatal sepsis. Cranial sonography (CRS) has a crucial role in assessment of infants with clinical suspicion of bacterial meningitis as well as follows up of its complications. CRS is performed with high frequency transducer through anterior fontanelle in both coronal and sagittal planes. Various sonographic findings range from echogenic and widened sulci, ventriculomegaly, ventriculitis, hydrocephalus, extra-axial fluid collections, cerebritis and brain abscess. Sonography is extremely beneficial in evaluating intraventricular contents, especially debris and intraventricular septations. Linear high frequency probe along with color Doppler interrogation are of utmost importance in evaluating extra-axial fluid collection and helps differentiating it from benign subarachnoid space enlargement. Due to low cost, easy portability, speed of imaging, no need for sedation and above all lack of ionizing radiation make it superior to other cross sectional imaging, like CT and MRI, in evaluation of these sick neonates. Apart from textbooks, there is paucity of recently available literature on cranial sonographic findings in neonatal meningitis. This article is written with an educational intent to review the spectrum of findings in neonatal meningitis, with stress on findings that will be beneficial in the clinical practice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal cranial sonography: ultrasound findings in neonatal meningitis—a pictorial review

Gupta

Grover

Bansal

et al. 2017

Quant. Imaging Med. Surg.

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“…Viral meningitis is more common than bacterial meningitis and often is much less severe. There are approximately 20,000 encephalitis-related hospitalizations per year in the United States, with an average of 1,400 deaths per year (6,7). There is a vast array of pathogens that cause encephalitis, the majority of which are viruses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a vast array of pathogens that cause encephalitis, the majority of which are viruses. A number of noninfectious processes can also cause encephalitis, and the etiology remains unknown in up to 70% of cases (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicenter Evaluation of BioFire FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel for Detection of Bacteria, Viruses, and Yeast in Cerebrospinal Fluid Specimens

et al. 2016

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Rapid diagnosis and treatment of infectious meningitis and encephalitis are critical to minimize morbidity and mortality. Comprehensive testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) often includes Gram stain, culture, antigen detection, and molecular methods, paired with chemical and cellular analyses. These methods may lack sensitivity or specificity, can take several days, and require significant volume for complete analysis. The FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) Panel is a multiplexed in vitro diagnostic test for the simultaneous, rapid (ϳ1-h) detection of 14 pathogens directly from CSF specimens: Escherichia coli K1, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, cytomegalovirus, enterovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, human herpesvirus 6, human parechovirus, varicella-zoster virus, and Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii. We describe a multicenter evaluation of 1,560 prospectively collected CSF specimens with performance compared to culture (bacterial analytes) and PCR (all other analytes). The FilmArray ME Panel demonstrated a sensitivity or positive percentage of agreement of 100% for 9 of 14 analytes. Enterovirus and human herpesvirus type 6 had agreements of 95.7% and 85.7%, and L. monocytogenes and N. meningitidis were not observed in the study. For S. agalactiae, there was a single false-positive and false-negative result each, for a sensitivity and specificity of 0 and 99.9%, respectively. The specificity or negative percentage of agreement was 99.2% or greater for all other analytes. The FilmArray ME Panel is a sensitive and specific test to aid in diagnosis of ME. With use of this comprehensive and rapid test, improved patient outcomes and antimicrobial stewardship are anticipated.

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“…18 Therefore, the critical step in the improvement of therapeutic effectiveness in meningitis is the accurate identification of the causative agents, which can ensure appropriate treatment decisions. 19 Indeed, metagenomic next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue can screen for nearly all potential central nervous system infectious agents and can also identify novel or unexpected pathogens. 20,21 In this study, we brought our updated portable sequencing-based system developed in Japan to Zambia for the rapid diagnosis of bacterial species in a given DNA sample ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid sequencing‐based diagnosis of infectious bacterial species from meningitis patients in Zambia

et al. 2019

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Objectives We have developed a portable system for the rapid determination of bacterial composition for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Our system comprises of a nanopore technology‐based sequencer, MinION, and two laptop computers. To examine the accuracy and time efficiency of our system, we provided a proof‐of‐concept for the detection of the causative bacteria of 11 meningitis patients in Zambia. Methods We extracted DNA from cerebrospinal fluid samples of each patient and amplified the 16S rRNA gene regions. The sequencing library was prepared, and the sequenced reads were simultaneously processed for bacterial composition determination using the minimap2 software and the representative prokaryote genomes. Results The sequencing results of four of the six culture‐positive samples were consistent with those of conventional culture‐based methods. The dominant bacterial species in each of these samples were identified from the sequencing data within only 3 min. Although the major bacterial species were also detected from the other two culture‐positive samples and five culture‐negative samples, their presence could not be confirmed. Moreover, as a whole, although the number of sequencing reads obtained within a short sequencing run was small, there was no change in the major bacterial species over time with prolonged sequencing. In addition, the processing time strongly correlated with the number of sequencing reads used for the analysis. Conclusion Our results suggest that time‐effective analysis could be achieved by determining the number of sequencing reads required for the rapid diagnosis of infectious bacterial species depending on the complexity of bacterial species in a sample.

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Trends in Encephalitis-Associated Deaths in the United States, 1999-2008

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Neonatal cranial sonography: ultrasound findings in neonatal meningitis—a pictorial review

Neonatal cranial sonography: ultrasound findings in neonatal meningitis—a pictorial review

Multicenter Evaluation of BioFire FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel for Detection of Bacteria, Viruses, and Yeast in Cerebrospinal Fluid Specimens

Rapid sequencing‐based diagnosis of infectious bacterial species from meningitis patients in Zambia

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