Trends in Antiretroviral Drug Resistance and Clade Distributions Among HIV-1--Infected Blood Donors in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Barreto, Cristine Chaves; Nishyia, Anna; Araújo, Luciano Vieira de; Ferreira, João Eduardo; Busch, Michael P.; Sabino, Éster Cerdeira

doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000199097.88344.50

Cited by 74 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The prevalence of pDRM was similar to most of the studies in the country (Brindeiro et al 2003, Barreto et al 2006, Rodrigues et al 2006, Brigido et al 2007, EyerSilva et al 2008), but some studies showed higher rates (Pedroso et al 2007, Sucupira et al 2007). These studies varied in patient population selection, type of genetic material analysed and the list of mutations considered for surveillance purposes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…HIV-1 diversity in this city is distinct from that observed in the major metropolitan areas (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), where clade B predominates and, apart from clade F, other subtypes are rarely identified (Bongertz et al 2000, Barreto et al 2006. The same is true in other regions of the country (Gadelha et al 2003, Cerqueira et al 2004, Stefani et al 2007) and elsewhere in South America (Hemellar et al 2004, Montano et al 2005, with the exception of Argentina, where BF recombinants predominate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…who.int/drugresistance/hivaids/network/en/index.html). Brazil has many studies on HIV-1 subtypes and primary drug resistance from different areas in the country, and most of the recent ones suggest low rates of primary drug resistance, varying from 1.4-8.3% (Brindeiro et al 2003, Barreto et al 2006, De Medeiros et al 2006, Rodrigues et al 2006, Brigido et al 2007, Sá-Ferreira et al 2007, Eyer-Silva et al 2008. A study performed in Santos has reported the highest drug resistance rates in the country, with 37% among recent infections and 25% among chronic cases (Sucupira et al 2007).…”

Section: Regions Of the Hiv-1 Polymerase (N = 57) And Envelope (N =mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study performed in Santos has reported the highest drug resistance rates in the country, with 37% among recent infections and 25% among chronic cases (Sucupira et al 2007). The predominant clade in Brazil is HIV-1 B, except in some areas in the south of the country, where clade C predominates (Bongertz et al 2000, Brindeiro et al 2003, Gadelha et al 2003, Cerqueira et al 2004, Barreto et al 2006, Rodrigues et al 2006, Stefani et al 2007). Moreover, different recombinant forms have been described in Brazil, including a BC mosaic, CRF31_BC (Santos et al 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Molecular characterisation of newly identified HIV-1 infections in Curitiba, Brazil: preponderance of clade C among males with recent infections

Ferreira

Thomaz

Rodrigues

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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The Research Capacity ProgramAs in many areas of Brazil, the AIDS epidemic in Curitiba is relatively stable, but surveillance is important to support public policy. The molecular characteristics of HIV may be instrumental for monitoring epidemic trends. We evaluated plasma HIV-1 RNA (n = 37) from 38 cases presenting with positive serology, who were among 820 consenting volunteers visiting the downtown counselling and serology testing centre. Seroprevalence was 4.6% 3) and the estimated HIV incidence, as defined by the BED assay, was 2.86 persons/years ). An additional set of contemporaneous, anonymous samples from a local laboratory was also analysed (n = 20) . Regions of the HIV-1 polymerase (n = 57) and envelope (n = 34) were evaluated for subtyping, determination of mosaic structure, primary drug resistance mutations (pDRM), envelope V3 loop motifs and amino acid signatures related to viral tropism. HIV-1 clade B was observed in 53% of cases; HIV-1C in 30% and BC mosaics in 14%, with one F genome and one CF mosaic. Clade C infection was associated with recent infections among males (p < 0.03). Stanford surveillance pDRM was observed in 8.8% of sequences, with 7% showing high level resistance to at least one antiretroviral drug. Tropism for CXCR4 co-receptor was predicted in 18% of envelope sequences, which were exclusively among clade B genomes and cases with serological reactivity to chronic infection.Key words: epidemiology -antiretroviral resistance -genetic diversity -HIV-1 -tropism -BrazilUnderstanding the local HIV-1 epidemic will not only support the regional response, but it may also provide information to nationwide efforts in the fight against AIDS. The variability of HIV-1 has been an obstacle to treatment and to the development of prevention innovations such as vaccines. HIV-1 clusters phylogenetically into distinct clades (subtypes), a fact that has helped to unravel the molecular characteristics of the epidemic. In some regions, differential distribution of HIV-1 clades has been documented (Van Harmelen et al. 1997, Tovanabutra 2001, Rios et al. 2005, Ryan et al. 2007) and phylogeny may indicate the source(s) of incoming variants (Sarker 2008). Worldwide, clade C is responsible for about half of the epidemic, whereas clade B is the major variant in industrialised nations (Hemelaar et al. 2006). HIV variability may influence the performance of laboratory tools for diagnostic, monitoring and surveillance (Koch et al. 2001 (Baeten et al. 2007, Kaleebu 2007 and transmission potential (Yang et al. 2003, John-Stewart et al. 2005 have been associated to distinct HIV clades, but the actual impact of genetic diversity in HIV disease still remains uncertain (Stebbing & Moyle 2003, Hemelaar et al. 2006, Tebit et al. 2007). However, some characteristics of HIV, such as tropism to either CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors, seem to be associated with a distinct pattern of disease progression (Shepherd et al. 2008). Another relevant issue is the identification of primary drug resistance mutations (pDRM) among untreate...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Regions Of the Hiv-1 Polymerase (N = 57) And Envelope (N =mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Molecular characterisation of newly identified HIV-1 infections in Curitiba, Brazil: preponderance of clade C among males with recent infections

Ferreira

Thomaz

Rodrigues

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Up to the present time, this seems not to be the case in Brazil . When compared to figures reported from developed nations, most studies from Brazil have found relatively low rates of primary HIV-1 drug resistance (Brindeiro et al 1999, Dumans et al 2002, Brindeiro et al 2003, Pires et al 2004, Brigido et al 2005, Barreto et al 2006, Medeiros et al 2006, Rodrigues et al 2006, SaFerreira et al 2007, even though isolated surveys recently reported worrisome rates in the port cities of Santos (Sucupira et al 2007) and Salvador (Pedroso et al 2007). Also, resistance rates in Brazil are being reported from studies primarily based in large urban centers and little is known about the prevalence of resistant strains in innermost parts of the country.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%