Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock

Abstract

Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-a-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.

Comparison of fluorescence polarization assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis

“…These antigens, since they are highly specific, are the most viable candidates to be used in diagnostic tests to detect animals infected with tuberculosis and/or paratuberculosis. The low molecular weight antigens have been previously used in serological diagnostic techniques such as ELISA and FPA, where the sensitivity and specificity has been demonstrated to be higher in both techniques (Beck et al, 2005;Chaubey et al, 2016). In this work, the FPA and ELISA techniques were evaluated using as a confirming test n-PCR.…”

“…This suppressing activity is known as anergy and occurs in immunocompromised animals such as old animals or that are in the final stages of the disease. Nevertheless, it is considered that these animals may be eliminating the bacilli that are not detected by serological diagnosis but are detected by n-PCR (Martinez et al, 2012;Chaubey et al, 2016). Nielsen and Gall (2001), mentioned that the FPA test is more specific than sensitive; albeit Jolley et al (2007), when using the FPA test with the 22 kDa protein MPB70 from an M. bovis strain for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, obtained a 99.9% specificity.…”

Bio-incidence of bovine Johne’s disease in dairy buffaloes in Central and North India using sensitive goat based ‘indigenous elisa kit’ and traditional tests

“…Serum samples in strong positive and positive range of S/P ratio were categoried (type 1) as positives in i_ELISA (Table 1). (Sahzad et al 2015;Chaubey et al 2016). Briefly, two gram of fecal sample was homogenized in 1X PBS and concentrated by centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 45 min at room temperature.…”

Molecular Diversity and Homology in Six CFPs Genes in the Novel BioType, 'Indian Bison Type' of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis of Goat Origin vs. other Biotypes

“…Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is not only highly pathogenic but also has widest host range infecting domestic livestock species, wild ruminants, other animals, non-human primates and human beings [1][2][3][4]. Potential involvement of MAP in human diseases has significant concerns for public health [5].…”