Tree-level distribution of a novel insect-pathogen complex and its potential contribution to eastern white pine dieback

Whitney, Thomas D.; Cram, Michelle M.; Barnes, Brittany F.; Yao, Jiangming; Lucardi, Rima D.; Gandhi, Kamal J. K.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.002

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…al., 2018). Symptoms on trees included branch flagging, crown thinning, resinous cankers along the trunk and branches and at the branch crotches (Asaro, 2011; Asaro et al, 2018; Mech et al, 2013; Schulz, Mech, Asaro, et al, 2018; Whitney et al, 2018). Symptoms have been observed on all age classes including seedlings and saplings (Asaro, 2011; Mech et al, 2013; Schultz, Mech, Asaro, et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During several surveys in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, a native bast scale, Matsucoccus macrocicatrices Richards, was also found to be associated with eastern white pine affected by C . pinea branch and stem cankers (Mech et al, 2013; Schulz, Mech, Asaro, et al, 2018; Whitney et al, 2018). The discovery of M .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pinea cankers in seedlings is positively correlated with the abundance of M . macrocicatrices scale, with highest numbers occurring at the base of seedlings and none at the terminal shoots (Schulz, Mech, Cram, et al, 2018; Whitney et al, 2018). The high occurrence of bottom‐up branch dieback in poletimber and sawtimber was also found to correspond to high densities of the M .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high occurrence of bottom‐up branch dieback in poletimber and sawtimber was also found to correspond to high densities of the M . macrocicatrices scale and canker (Whitney et al, 2018). Thus, it appears that the scale and pathogen are interacting, and together are a major factor involved in the eastern white pine dieback and mortality occurring in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Caliciopsis pinea inoculation with and without wounding on Pinus strobus

Cram

Fraedrich

2022

Forest Pathology

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The canker pathogen, Caliciopsis pinea, and a bast scale, Matsucoccus macrocicatrices, have been found strongly associated with dieback and mortality of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. The scale is thought to be a wounding agent that creates infection courts for fungal pathogens like C. pinea. Inoculation tests on 3-year-old containerized eastern white pine seedlings were conducted with and without wounding. Puncture wound treatments designed to mimic insect wounds were applied to stems and to branch crotches. An inoculation treatment consisting of a 0.1 ml suspension containing 30,700-32,359 C. pinea ascospores was dripped on each area with puncture wounds or a nonwounded area of stems and branch crotches in two separate tests. In another series of tests, C. pinea mycelial plugs were placed on 4 mm diameter stem wounds and on nonwounded stems. Inoculation of wounds with C. pinea resulted in expanding resinous cankers, and C. pinea was reisolated from 80% to 100% of puncture wounds on stems, 40%-75% of puncture wounds on branch crotches and 100% from the 4 mm wound with mycelial inoculum. No cankers formed in nonwounded stems and branch crotches following inoculation with both types of C. pinea inoculum. The results of this study suggest that ascospores moved by water, as occurs during rains, would be able to infect small puncture wounds on a seedling stem. The tests also found that an individual C. pinea canker was not capable of girdling a seedling within a year following inoculation, suggesting that this pathogen is not particularly lethal and likely requires multiple infection courts provided by the scale to girdle branches and sapling stems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Caliciopsis pinea inoculation with and without wounding on Pinus strobus

Cram

Fraedrich

2022

Forest Pathology

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“…Caliciopsis canker has been reported as an emerging disease of Pinus in the eastern USA (Munck et al 2015(Munck et al , 2016Costanza et al 2018;Haines et al 2018;Schulz et al 2018a, b;Whitney et al 2018) and is caused by the fungus Caliciopsis pinea. The pathogen gives rise to cankers and abundant resin bleeding on branches and stems of young and mature Pinus strobus trees, which can lead to crown wilting and defoliation and, in some cases, killing significant portions of the tree crowns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caliciopsis moriondi, a new species for a fungus long confused with the pine pathogen C. pinea

Migliorini¹,

Luchi²,

Pepori³

et al. 2020

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The genus Caliciopsis (Eurotiomycetes, Coryneliales) includes saprobic and plant pathogenic species. Caliciopsis canker is caused by Caliciopsis pinea Peck, a species first reported in the 19th century in North America. In recent years, increasing numbers of outbreaks of Caliciopsis canker have been reported on different Pinus spp. in the eastern USA. In Europe, the disease has only occasionally been reported causing cankers, mostly on Pinus radiata in stressed plantations. The aim of this study was to clarify the taxonomy of Caliciopsis specimens collected from infected Pinus spp. in Europe and North America using an integrative approach, combining morphology and phylogenetic analyses of three loci. The pathogenicity of the fungus was also considered. Two distinct groups were evident, based on morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses. These represent the known pathogen Caliciopsis pinea that occurs in North America and a morphologically similar, but phylogenetically distinct, species described here as Caliciopsis moriondisp. nov., found in Europe and at least one location in eastern North America. Caliciopsis moriondi differs from C. pinea in various morphological features including the length of the ascomata, as well as their distribution on the stromata.

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Anthropogenic Disturbances and the Emergence of Native Diseases: a Threat to Forest Health

et al. 2022

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Purpose of Review Human-caused global change is fundamentally altering natural forest ecosystems. More trees are exhibiting a wide range of symptoms indicative of poor vigour, particularly stressed species at the edge of their native ranges and stands growing on marginal sites. This review will focus on complex tree diseases (declines) caused by native pathogens and the key environmental drivers that contribute to this phenomenon. These systems are frequently complex, with multiple drivers at work. Recent Findings Using four cases studies on different continents, we explored the direct and indirect environmental drivers underlying these decline syndromes. Although climate and weather events seem to be usually associated with forest decline, we found that environmental disturbance by either forest management or land-use changes is also a global predisposing factor of decline which deserves more attention. Changes in land use have directly benefited pathogens such as root rots in the Pyrenees (Spain) or indirectly by making the environment more conducive for canker and foliar diseases in Australia and the USA. Focus on land-use changes could improve understanding of current decline problems such as those affecting Araucaria in Chile. Summary The next century will almost certainly see an unprecedented rise in forest pathogen epidemics, requiring a proactive rather than reactive response. Diseases caused by native pathogens with complex aetiologies will become more common, and recognising, characterising and managing these epidemics are difficult because native pathogens are frequently already widespread, and eradication is not feasible. We need to start approaching these issues from a ‘whole ecosystem’ perspective, highlighting the many aspects and entanglements of forest declines and allowing us to respond with management options tailored to each scenario. The approach proposed here provides logical steps based on six questions to untangle the direct and indirect environmental drivers of tree declines.

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Tree-level distribution of a novel insect-pathogen complex and its potential contribution to eastern white pine dieback

Cited by 13 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of Caliciopsis pinea inoculation with and without wounding on Pinus strobus

Effects of Caliciopsis pinea inoculation with and without wounding on Pinus strobus

Caliciopsis moriondi, a new species for a fungus long confused with the pine pathogen C. pinea

Anthropogenic Disturbances and the Emergence of Native Diseases: a Threat to Forest Health

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