Tree cavities in forests – The broad distribution pattern of a keystone structure for biodiversity

Remm, Jaanus; Lõhmus, Asko

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.028

Cited by 205 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Although many studies are available on this ecological resource, it is only well documented and reviewed in Australia, Europe, and North America (Goldingay, 2009;Remm and Lohmus, 2011). Cockle et al (2011) and Remm and Lohmus (2011) analysed biotic and abiotic factors contributing to the distribution, creation, and formation of tree cavities on the world scale. None of the studies referred to in these reviews originate from the 8 member countries (including Pakistan) of the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region, which cover ranges of tropical deciduous forests (Himalayan foothills) and moist and dry temperate Himalayan forests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reported 963 tree cavities/ha in a southern temperate mixed beech forest of New Zealand. This was rated the maximum of 133 study sites reviewed by Remm and Lohmus (2011), who estimated the global median density of cavities to be 16/ ha, with densities highest in Australasia and lowest in the Palaearctic region. This comparison suggests that the tree cavity density of our study site is markedly higher than the global average density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although tree cavities are a critical component of forest ecosystems worldwide and are well studied in temperate Europe, North America, and Australia (Goldingay, 2009;Remm and Lohmus, 2011), there is not much known about their characteristics and occupancy rates in Asia. Indeed, no report is available on such data from the wildlife ecologies of Pakistan and its associated territories.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

Hussaın¹,

Abbasi²,

Mirza³

et al. 2013

Turk J Zool

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

Hussaın¹,

Abbasi²,

Mirza³

et al. 2013

Turk J Zool

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“…Therefore, people essentially create new bluebird habitat when they set up "nest box trails." While the distribution of natural nest cavities in post-fire forest is often highly variable, nest boxes in these human-modified suburban and agricultural landscapes are often distributed evenly in a grid or linear transect (Lehmkuhl et al, 2003;Remm and Lõhmus, 2011;Duckworth, 2014). Moreover, in post-fire forests, nest cavity quality is highly variable depending on how it was created (e.g., by rot or various woodpecker species; (Robles and Martin, 2013); whereas, in human-created nest box trails, nest boxes are typically the same shape, size, and thickness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Switch to a Novel Breeding Resource Influences Coexistence of Two Passerine Birds

et al. 2017

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A crucial step in adapting to urban habitat is switching to novel, often man-made, resources. Switching to a novel resource can influence the dynamics of species coexistence, particularly if it alters trade-offs in performance. While such switches are frequently documented, their influence on species coexistence has been difficult to assess because it requires knowledge of performance trade-offs in the context of both historical and novel resource use. Western and mountain bluebirds provide a unique system in which to investigate the effects of a resource switch on species coexistence because both depend on secondary nest cavities to breed and, across a large part of their range, have switched to using man-made nest boxes. Western bluebirds are less dispersive, but more aggressive, than mountain bluebirds leading to a successional pattern of species replacement in many nest box populations; however, there is evidence of continued coexistence in natural post-fire habitat. Nest boxes differ from natural cavities in both distribution, which may affect the dynamics of interference competition between the species, and thermal conductance, which may impact competition by altering survival of ectothermic young. Here, we use a combination of experimental manipulations of nest box density and more than a decade of fitness and incubation temperature data to investigate whether altered resource distribution or thermal environment best explain patterns of species replacement in nest box populations. In both species, we found that females breeding in nest boxes were unable to maintain normal incubation temperatures during inclement weather and experienced similar offspring mortality patterns. Moreover, climatic variation across populations did not predict species' relative abundance. Instead, experimental manipulation of nest box density showed that mountain bluebirds persisted longer when nest boxes were distributed farther apart, suggesting that nest box distribution may be a key factor in understanding how human-created habitat impacts coexistence of bluebird species. These results emphasize that knowledge of species interactions in the historical habitat is crucial to understanding population dynamics as species transition to novel, man-made habitat.

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“…There was a smaller number of oak standards that had some small cavities compared to ash standards, and also their number per tree was lower in oak. The lower number of small cavities in oak could potentially be related to its wood hardness and increased difficulty in excavating these cavities (Schepps et al 1999;Lorenz et al 2015), although the wood hardness was usually found to play a significant role only within the same tree species (Remm, Lõhmus 2011). The difference between the oak and ash standards highlights the importance of maintaining veteran trees of multiple species in hardwood floodplain forests, as they vary in their ability to provide different aspects of wildlife microhabitat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowns of "forgotten" standards in hardwood floodplain forests

Šálek¹,

Machar²,

Sıvacıoğlu³

et al. 2017

J. For. Sci.

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AbstractŠálek L., Machar I., Sivacioğlu A., Zahradník D., Simon J., Jeřábková L. (2017): Crowns of "forgotten" standards in hardwood floodplain forests. J. For. Sci., 63: 538-548.Floodplain forests have traditionally been managed using the coppice-with-standards silvicultural system for centuries. After abandoning this silvicultural system approximately in the 1950s the crown of standards (mature-aged trees) developed gradually under the growing influence of their tree competitors. This study examines the crowns of remnant oak and ash standards in a hardwood floodplain forest along the Morava River in the Czech Republic. 100 oak (Quercus robur Linnaeus) standards and 100 ash (Fraxinus excelsior Linnaeus) standards were randomly selected and the basic mensuration data as well as some ecological data, such as number of large dead branches, cavities, and height of the lowest large dead and green branches, were measured. The four nearest neighbour competitors were identified for each standard, and their height, distance and azimuth were measured. The DBH of the analysed oak standards ranged between 71 and 148 cm, and the projected oak crown area ranged between 125 and 533 m 2 . The ash DBH ranged between 71 and 127 cm, and projected ash crowns between 194 and 620 m 2 . To assess competitive pressure, we calculated an index as a ratio of the tangents of angles of regular and compressed crowns. Distance of competing trees was more important than their height in the ash data set, but not in the oak data set.

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Tree cavities in forests – The broad distribution pattern of a keystone structure for biodiversity

Cited by 205 publications

References 51 publications

Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

Tree cavities and associated vertebrate fauna in a coniferous forest of Dhirkot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir part of Pakistan

Switch to a Novel Breeding Resource Influences Coexistence of Two Passerine Birds

Crowns of "forgotten" standards in hardwood floodplain forests

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