Treatment Strategies Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: An Updated Review

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with an increased risk of early recurrence and distant metastasis, as well as the development of therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis. TNBC is characterized by a wide range of genetic, immunophenotypic, morphological, and clinical features. TNBC is coined to describe cancers that lack estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). As a result, hormonal or trastuzumab-based treatments are ineffective in TNBC patients. TNBCs are biologically aggressive, and despite some evidence that they respond to treatment better than other forms of breast cancer, the prognosis remains poor. This is attributed to a shorter disease-free interval in adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings, as well as a more aggressive metastatic course. TNBC has a lot of clinical ramifications. In terms of new treatment methods, TNBC has lagged behind other types of breast cancer. There are not many options for treating this form of breast cancer because it is progressive. Many effective treatments for most breast cancers block the growth-stimulating effects of ER, PR, and/or HER2, leaving TNBC with few choices. Finding new and effective treatment options for TNBC remains a critical clinical need. To develop more effective drugs, new experimental approaches must be tested in patients with TNBC.

Genetic Heterogeneity, Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

“…Targeting the DNA repair and response mechanisms, p53, and cell proliferation mechanisms are some of the therapeutic targets for TNBC management. New therapy targets found in recent molecular characterization of TNBCs include tyrosine and non-tyrosine kinases, PARP1 , AR , immune-checkpoints, and epigenetic proteins [ 162 ]. Great effort is being made to find suitable therapies for TNBC patients via the targeting of a specific molecular features of this tumor type.…”

Effectiveness of a novel gene nanotherapy based on putrescine for cancer treatment

“…For the particular case of TNBC there is still an urgent need to develop efficient therapies. 54,55 Gene therapies have a real potential for the development of targeted anticancer therapeutics. 56,57 Previous results from our group highlight the potential of SNs for the development of new cancer therapeutics.…”

Ovo Like Zinc Finger 2 (OVOL2) Suppresses Breast Cancer Stem Cell Traits and Correlates with Immune Cells Infiltration

“…51 Therefore, targeting EMT is a strategy to treat triple-negative BC. 52 In addition, these CSC properties are considered to be closely correlated with tumor initiation, progression and metastasis, as well as resistance to chemotherapy. [53][54][55] Our previous studies have shown that OVOL2 inhibits CRC and BC migration and invasion through inhibiting the EMT by inhibiting Wnt and TGF-β signaling.…”