Treatment practices after calving-related events on 45 dairy farms in California

Abstract

Retained fetal membranes (RFM), dystocia, and twinning are common postpartum events that increase the risk of metritis, impair reproductive performance, and contribute to antimicrobial use on dairies. The overall objective of this study was to describe treatment decisions after RFM, severe dystocia (cesarean section and fetotomy), nonsevere dystocia (nonmechanical and mechanical assistance to extract the calf), and twinning. A total of 44 dairies from California's San Joaquin Valley (39 Holstein and 6 Jersey or crossbreed herds) with 450 to 9,500 lactating cows were enrolled in this study. Researchers visited each dairy once to observe cow-side fresh cow health evaluations and to interview health evaluators and maternity workers, using a standardized survey tool. The survey included questions about antimicrobial (class, dose, and duration) and nonantimicrobial therapies for calving-related events. Antimicrobial therapy was used in all 44 dairies to treat RFM at 24 (n = 23), 48 (n = 10), or 72 h (n = 5) after calving, or when puerperal metritis signs were observed (n = 6). Antimicrobial therapy was used after all severe dystocia cases, and after nonsevere dystocia (n = 27) and twinning (n = 15). Ceftiofur products were the most common antimicrobial class; they were used to treat RFM cases (n = 29), nonsevere dystocia (n = 13), and twinning (n = 10). Supportive therapy for calving-related events included nonantimicrobial intrauterine treatments, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, oxytocin, i.v. calcium, or oral drenches. Our study highlights opportunities to reduce extra-label use of antimicrobials in postpartum cows affected with RFM, and the need for education and outreach efforts on judicious use of antimicrobials. Furthermore, anti-microbial treatment choices differed largely across dairies, indicating a need to reach consensus and promote standardized practices within the industry.

Propaedeutic and Therapeutic Practices Used for Retained Fetal Membranes by Rural European Veterinary Practitioners

“…The manual removal of the placenta remains common practice [21,46] despite several studies that fail to demonstrate a beneficial effect on reproductive performance or milk yield [25,28,47]. This practice is quite less common in California herds (33%) [48]. Such practice contributes to an increase in pathogenic bacteria in the uterus [28].…”

“…Here, in a recent survey carried out in Belgium [41], third-generation cephalosporins were used by 2.8% and fourthgeneration cephalosporins were used by 1.4%, respectively. In California dairies, ceftiofur products are used for cows with RFM in 66% of dairies [48]. An USDA-NAHMS [65] report describes cephalosporin as the primary antimicrobial class used for reproductive disease in dairy farms in the United States, followed by penicillin and tetracycline.…”

“…In Switzerland, between 37% and 40% of the practitioners use oxytocin or PGF2α [46]. In the USA, very few dairies (5 out of 45) use oxytocin in cases of RFM [48]. According to several studies, it seems that oxytocin or PGF2α are not effective for the prevention or treatment of RFM [21,[34][35][36]68,69].…”