This is the second of two parts of a review of the key research findings from the past 10 years on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), referred to here as disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). In part I, we reviewed evidence regarding the features and diagnostic subclassifications of DBD, distinctions between ODD and CD, epidemiological findings, and comorbidity with other disorders. Since the relationship between DBD and other psychopathology was reviewed in part I, we have not included other psychopathology as risk factors in this article. Interested readers are referred to part I of this review (Loeber et al., 2000).In part II of this article, we focus on developmental models of DBD, as well as on their risk fac-tors and correlates, such as neurological and biological processes and psychosocial factors. We also review research on the effectiveness of treatment for DBD and make recommendations for future research and practice.
SCOPE OF THE SELECTED RESEARCHOur intention was to consider research on the diagnoses of ODD and CD. However, many worthwhile studies have examined overlapping constructs. Therefore, where relevant, we include studies of risk factors for delinquency and violence, realizing that such constructs are not identical with DBD. The similarities they share with DBD suggest that risk factors for delinquency and violence