Treatment of nongonococcal urethritis with rifampicin as a means of defining the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum

Abstract

SUMMARY The results of a double-blind therapeutic trial on 217 men with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) show that minocycline was more effective than rifampicin. Before treatment Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 43 % of men, Ureaplasma urealyticum from 59 %, and Mycoplasma hominis from 22%. Chlamydiae and ureaplasmas were isolated less frequently from men with a recent history of NGU. Minocycline was given to 94 patients, and after treatment chlamydiae were isolated from only one of 40 initially chlamydia-positive patients and ureaplasmas from only five of 57 initially ureaplasma-positive patients. Although most patients responded clinically, failure and partial recovery rather than complete recovery were observed more often among those who were infected with ureaplasmas. Rifampicin was given to 123 patients, after which chlamydiae were isolated from only one of 53 initially chlamydia-positive men whereas ureaplasmas, insensitive to the antibiotic in vitro, were isolated from 55 of 68 men who had initially positive results. Patients infected with ureaplasmas failed to respond to rifampicin treatment significantly more often than those who were not infected. This was also observed when only patients who had never had NGU or who had not had a recent episode were considered. Furthermore, 24 (44 %) of the 55 men whose ureaplasmas persisted failed to recover whereas only one (7-7 %) of 13 men whose ureaplasmas disappeared did not respond to treatment. These results suggested that ureaplasmas were a cause of urethritis in some of the men (an estimated 10 % at least). In addition, Reiter's disease developed in two men treated with rifampicin from whom only ureaplasmas had beenisolatedinitially. M. hominis did not seem to have an important pathogenic role in NGU and there was evidence that ureaplasmas were an unlikely cause of urethritis in some men since the organisms persisted despite complete clinical recovery.

Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in chlamydial and non-chlamydial nongonococcal urethritis.

“…The most compelling evidence for this belief has arisen from human intraurethral inoculation of ureaplasmas (Taylor-Robinson et al, 1977) and from antibiotic trials (Prentice et al, 1976), particularly those in which antibiotics which differentiate between chlamydiae and ureaplasmas have been used (Bowie et al, 1976;Coufalik et al, 1979). It has been suggested by some investigators that ureaplasmas are particularly associated with non-chlamydial NGU.…”

Lack of in vitro activity of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cefuroxime, and piperacillin against Chlamydia trachomatis

“…Thus, because sulfonamides (2) and rifampin (5) fail to eradicate Ureaplasma urealyticum, their use results in a high rate of treatment failure for nongonococcal urethritis. Major causes of acute pelvic inflammatory disease include C. trachomatis, penicillin-sensitive and penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, anaerobes, Myocoplasma hominis, and gram-negative aerobes (7).…”

Tetracycline in nongonococcal urethritis. Comparison of 2 g and 1 g daily for seven days.

“…) of 141 men with11 or more partners in their lifetime (x2= 1l6, P<Om001). Cultures for both C trachomatis and U urealyticum gave negative results in five (8%o) of 59 men with 10 or fewer partners in their lifetime compared with 42 (30/o) of 141 men with 11 or more (X = 10X5, P<0-005).TREATMENT RESPONSE ACCORDING TO REGIMEN Response to treatment according to the initial isolation results for C trachomatis and U urealyticum and also to the treatment regimen are shown in table II.…”