Treatment of Melasma Using Kojic Acid in a Gel Containing Hydroquinone and Glycolic Acid

Lim, Jinkang; Frcpi,; Fams,

doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08236.x

Cited by 221 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Although it is effective as a hypopigmenting agent [112], especially in combination with other substances, it has a high sensitizing potential and can cause contact dermatitis [113]. Concerns have been raised about a possible carcinogenic effect since kojic acid was associated with hepatic tumors when fed to p53 deficient mice [114].…”

Section: Chemical Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifying skin pigmentation – approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents

Brenner

Hearing

2008

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms

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Rates of skin cancer continue to increase despite the improved use of traditional sunscreens to minimize damage from ultraviolet radiation. The public perception of tanned skin as being healthy and desirable, combined with the rising demand for treatments to repair irregular skin pigmentation and the desire to increase or decrease constitutive skin pigmentation, arouses great interest pharmaceutically as well as cosmeceutically. This review discusses the intrinsic biochemistry of pigmentation, details mechanisms that lead to increased or decreased skin pigmentation, and summarizes established and potential hyper-and hypo-pigmenting agents and their modes of action.

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Section: Chemical Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifying skin pigmentation – approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents

Brenner

Hearing

2008

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms

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“…A combination of 2% kojic acid and 2% hydroquinone was found to be superior than the combination of 10% glycolic acid and 2% hydroquinone in a study in Chinese women with epidermal melasma. 9 Further, the A B C combination of 5% glycolic acid and 4% kojic acid was found to be as effective in the treatment of melasma as a combination of 5% glycolic acid and 4% hydroquinone at 12 weeks. 10 Licorice extracts are skin-lightening agents with the few side effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effectiveness and safety of a novel topical depigmenting agent in epidermal pigmentation: an open-label, non-comparative study

2018

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Background: Active compounds isolated from plants are known to inhibit melanogenesis without melanocytotoxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of a cream containing a combination of niacinamide, glycolic acid, vitamin E acetate, kojic acid, soy isoflavones, arbutin, pterowhite, licorice and ascorbyl glucoside for the treatment of epidermal pigmentation.Methods: Sixty subjects (between 18-45 years) with epidermal pigmentation were enrolled in this 12-week, open-label, non-comparative study. Clinical/dermoscopic aspects (grade-1: <25%; grade-2: 25-50%; grade-3: 50-75%; grade-4: >75% reduction in the amount of epidermal pigment); melanin index/erythema measure (Dermacatch); extent, depth and density of pigmentation (FotoFinder) and safety were assessed.Results: Out of 60 enrolled subjects, 53 completed the study. Overall percentage of melanin and erythema improvement (Dermacatch) was 24.2% and 7.4% respectively (p<0.05). Based on Fotofinder images, 13% had grade 4 improvement, 47% had grade 3 improvement, 30% had grade 2 improvement while 9% subjects had grade 1 improvement. On the basis of clinical photographic images, 15% had grade 4 improvements in the skin colour, 41% had grade 3, 34% had grade 2 and 9% subjects had grade 1 improvement. Adverse effect of skin irritation was reported in one subject, which resolved after discontinuing the treatment.Conclusions: Cream containing a combination of niacinamide 4.0%, glycolic acid 2.0%, vitamin E acetate 0.1%, kojic acid dipalmitate 2.0%, soy isoflavones 0.5%, arbutin 2.0%, pterowhite 0.12%, licorice 40% CA 0.12%, ascorbyl glucoside 0.1% was found to be safe and effective in the treatment of epidermal pigmentation.

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“…Kojic acid is used in 1-4% concentrations, usually in combination with other agents [25,26]. It is a known sensitizer and has been claimed to be mutagenic [17].…”

Section: Preparations That Inhibit Melanin Production and Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Melasma, Novel Treatment Modalities

Abdallah¹

2014

Pigmentary Disorders

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Treatment of melasma remains challenging due to frequent relapses and the occurrence of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) following many interventions. Treatment goals are inhibition of melanin synthesis and transfer by sunscreens, sun avoidance and the use of bleaching agents on one hand and removal of already present pigment by peeling, lasers and light on the other hand. Triple combination creams (TCC) (also known as Kligman's formula utilizing hydroquinone and modifications of Kligman's formula) remain the mainstay of treatment. Newer bleaching agents derived from plants and synthetic compounds have been introduced and many of them are promising safe substitutes for hydroquinone.Peeling agents especially superficial and medium depth peels are effective treatment modalities for melasma. Newer peeling agents are less irritating and may thus lead to fewer side effects. Q-switched lasers, which target melanin, have led to PIH until the innovation of "laser toning" and fractional Qswitched ruby, which have better outcomes. Fractional non-ablative and ablative lasers are useful at lower fluencies. Pulsed dye laser, which targets the vascular component in melasma, is promising with less melasma rebound.Combinations of the above-mentioned modalities usually have a better treatment outcome than either alone. This review will focus on the more recently introduced therapies.

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Treatment of Melasma Using Kojic Acid in a Gel Containing Hydroquinone and Glycolic Acid

Abstract: The addition of kojic acid to a gel containing 10% glycolic acid and 2% hydroquinone further improves melasma.

Cited by 221 publications

References 4 publications

Modifying skin pigmentation – approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents

Modifying skin pigmentation – approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents

Effectiveness and safety of a novel topical depigmenting agent in epidermal pigmentation: an open-label, non-comparative study

Melasma, Novel Treatment Modalities

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