Treatment of garage wastewater using activated carbon made from khat (Catha edulis) and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves

Development and appraisal of handwash-wastewater treatment system for water recycling as a resilient response to COVID-19

“…The FTIR spectra of sand and zeolite followed a similar trend/shape, suggesting presence of similar surface functional groups. More specifically, the band around 2364.30 cm -1 may be due to –OH stretching and vibration, suggesting presence of moisture on the surfaces of sand and zeolite [48] . The presence of moisture on surfaces of the two filter media materials was also confirmed by results from the XRF analysis (see Table 7 ).…”

Role of nanohybrid NiO–Fe3O4 in enhancing the adsorptive performance of activated carbon synthesized from Yemeni-Khat leave in removal of Pb (II) and Hg (II) from aquatic systems

“…The activated carbon (AC) was prepared from Yemeni Khat leaves by chemical activation (KOH) followed by thermal treatment [ [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] ]. Approximately 30 g of dried khat leaves powder was impregnated in KOH solution (2.0 N/250 ml) and heated overnight in a water bath at 80 °C [ 45 ]. After that, the wet solid sample was washed with a 0.10 M HCl and deionized water (D. W) until the sample pH was neutral.…”

“…The use of wasted materials as solid carbonic adsorbents has received attention from many chemical researchers for various reasons are high selectivity, low cost, availability, and efficiency. The AC advantages are due to their chemical and physical properties such as large surface area, pore size distribution, pore volume, active surface sites, and functional groups [ [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] ]. According to previous studies, the following activated carbon adsorbents were used for the adsorption of pollutants, such as AC adsorbent from acorn shells [ 31 ], AC adsorbent prepared from locally available khat (Catha edulis) stem [ 46 ], AC adsorbent synthesized from the neem and khat leaves [ 45 ], AC adsorbent prepared from gulfweed [ 47 ], AC adsorbent prepared from various agricultural wastes [ 48 ], etc.…”

“…There are hardly any scientific studies that have been done on the production of activated carbon from khat leaves only (not the stems). The khat tree is an evergreen shrub of the celastraceous family [ [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] ]. The khat plant usually grows in Yemen, Kenya, South Africa, and Ethiopia [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Synthesis of Plant‐Derived Khat Waste for Environmental Application

“…Of the butanol production methods, biotic butanol (biobutanol) production by bacteriological fermentation has been widely studied [6][7][8]. However, the foremost difficulty in commercializing such a maintainable conduit is the high fabrication rate [9,10].…”